The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854

absolute temperature adiabatic adiabatic process analysis argument assumed assumption BIOT calculation Caloric Theory Carnot cycle CARNOT-CLAPEYRON Theorem CARNOT's General Axiom CARNOT'S Special Axiom CARNOT's theory claim CLAPEYRON classical thermodynamics CLAUSIUS coefficient Concepts and Logic conclude const constant constitutive density derive differences of temperature Doctrine of Latent dynamics effect energy entropy experimental experiments expressed fluid body follows Footnote formula FOURIER heat function HELMHOLTZ HOLTZMANN'S Assertion hypothesis idea ideal gas ideal gases infinitesimal integral isothermal isothermal processes JOULE JOULE's KELVIN LAPLACE LAPLACE's Latent and Specific latent heat mathematical MAYER molecular motive power obtained paper physicists physics POISSON power of heat pressure principle proof published quantity of heat RANKINE RANKINE's reader REECH refers regard REGNAULT relation remarks specific heats statement theory of calorimetry theory of heat thermal thermal equation thermo thermometer THOMSON tragicomedy unit of heat vis viva volume θο ди