8; M. D., 25; D. M. D., 2], 40; Harvard professional degree and a Bachelor's degree from another institution, 21; former temporary college students, 37; former temporary professional students, 17; college undergraduates, 47; undergraduates of other schools, 38; total, 384.

"The positions held by these 384 persons in the army and navy are indicated in the following table (the positions of 12 persons remaining at present unknown): —

"Army. Major-generals, 3; brigadier-generals, 3; colonels, 2; lieutenant-colonels, 7; majors, 8; captains, 28; 1st lieutenants, 28; 2d lieutenants, 26; chaplain, rank of captain, 1; surgeons, rank of major, 10; assistant surgeons, rank of 1st lieutenant, 15; acting assistant surgeons, 5; sergeants, 13; corporals, 29; privates, 120; sergeant, hospital corps, 1; privates, hospital corps, 6; contract surgeons, 2.

66

Navy. Secretary of the Navy; Assistant Secretary of the Navy, until the declaration of war; commander, 1; lieutenants, 6; lieutenants, junior grade, 2; ensigns, 14; surgeons, rank of lieutenant, 3; passed assistant surgeons, rank of lieutenant, junior grade, 4; assistant surgeons, rank of ensign, 6; paymasters, rank of ensign, 2; 2d lieutenants of marines, 2; inspector of vessels in construction, 1; warrant and petty officers, 12; machinist, fireman, seamen, and landsman, 12.

"The proportion of men enlisted as privates in the army is probably greater than it would have been if the militia regiments had not been accepted by the United States government as organizations; for on the spur of the moment a considerable number both of graduates and of undergraduates enlisted in those regiments in their respective States; moreover, forty-seven Harvard men enlisted in the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry, Colonel Leonard Wood commanding, the greater part of whom remained privates at the end of the short war.

"The following table shows the distribution of the Harvard men in the army among the organizations of the several States, and in those corps. which did not belong to any particular State:

Massachusetts

New York

Pennsylvania

:

California

5

5

4

3d U. S. Volunteer Engineers.

4

3 Hospital Corps

7

Iowa

Arizona

3

2

State or branch of the service not

}

each 1=5

"The Administrative officers of the University had, of course, no concern with the enlistment of any of these Harvard men, except those who were undergraduates in some department when the war broke out. Undergraduates who wished to enlist were advised to make sure that they were physically fit for the service, and to consider carefully their duty to their families; they were also advised not to enlist in groups as students, but to scatter themselves through many organizations. The effort of the President and the Deans was to prevent hasty and inconsiderate enlistment, but not to discourage the enlistment of able-bodied young men of legal age whose family circumstances warranted them in offering their lives to the country. So long as there are wars, it will be expedient, especially in democracies, that the best-educated young men bear their full share in war's hardships and dangers. The highly educated class must show itself as brave, tough, and disinterested as any other and as faithful to ideals. If its education has been right, it will always show itself superior in these respects to every other class."

Scholarship and Athletics. "There has long been a popular impression that high scholars in College are almost always men of poor physique, distinctly inferior in that respect to the average college student. The following comparisons go far to discredit this vague opinion:

"The grades need to be interpreted by the following statements: The University crew and football team must attain grade B; class crews and football teams grade C; and University and class ball-nines and lacrosse teams grade D. Since grade D, or any higher, means a satisfactory degree of physical vigor, it appears that 82 per cent. of all the College men examined during two years, and 83 per cent. of the scholarship winners on the same two years, had a quite sufficient degree of strength and general vigor. Moreover, there is no larger percentage of weaklings among the scholarship holders than in the whole body of students examined. These statistics are to be accepted only with some reserve.

Not every student in College was examined in 1896-97 and 1897-98, and not every scholarship winner on the work of those years; yet the propor tion examined is large enough to warrant a just inference, if the result be not supposed to be exact. Among the scholarship holders were 67 holders of scholarships without stipend; but the standing of these men as regards strength was very much like that of other scholarship holders. It follows from these facts that at least 82 per cent. of all Harvard College students and young graduates are physically fit for the service of the country in time of war, just as they are fit for all sorts of strenuous work in business and the professions in time of peace.

"It is an interesting inquiry how far the claim that the highly competitive athletic sports develop qualities which are exercised and tested in the work of the soldier or sailor is justified by the experience of the University in connection with the war with Spain. From the five classes, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902, fourteen of the ninety-seven young men who enlisted are recognizable as athletes, if we include among athletes men who rowed on a Class crew or a Weld crew. In the five classes from 1897 to 1893, there are ten men recognizable as athletes out of eighty-six men who enlisted. In the older classes the proportion of athletes was decidedly small. One excellent authority made the number of athletes on the whole list of 384 names to be 34; another, who included managers of teams, members of the shooting-club, wrestlers, and polo players, counted 42 recognizable athletes in the entire list of Harvard volunteers. These figures do not indicate that the men who take part in the highly competitive athletic sports are on that account more inclined to enlist as soldiers or sailors than the ordinary student who is physically sound enough to pass the medical examination for the army or navy. It is probable that a taste for riding or shooting would do more to take a man into the army in time of war than a taste for football or baseball; and it is certain that skill in the management of boats or of machinery would tend much more to take a college man into the navy than any acquired skill in the highly competitive games. It has been supposed that football was especially adapted to training soldiers; but the fact seems to be that nothing can be more unlike actual fighting than the bodily collisions which take place between football players. In modern warfare no one seems to see his adversary, and the constant thought of the men in line of battle is to conceal or cover themselves and their weapons while advancing or waiting.

"For comparison with the proportional number of recognized athletes who went to the Spanish war, the following table is of interest, since it shows the proportional number of persons in the four College classes who took part in athletic sports during the year under review. A table of

this sort is compiled every year for the information of the Committee on the Regulation of Athletic Sports.

THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHO TOOK IN 1897-98 THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS PRESCRIBED FOR ALL ENGAGED IN PUBLIC ATHLETIC CONTESTS.

"The above table does not give a complete record of the students who took vigorous part in out-of-door sports. Thus, only 151 men were examined for track athletics; but 277 men were under the direction of Instructor Lathrop. Again, the Weld Boat Club contained 413 members, and 153 students presented themselves as candidates for the Freshman crew. Lawn tennis does not appear at all on the records.

Athletic Management. "Some progress was made during the year 1897-98 in the intelligent management of the competitive athletic sports. The evils of excessive training were still manifest, but they were lessened. In several sports paid professional trainers were again employed, but with the sanction of the Committee on the Regulation of Athletic Sports. These men are of two kinds: they sometimes are experts in the paricular sports for which they train aspirants; but sometimes, knowing

little about the sports, they still make themselves very useful, if they have tact and good sense, as personal attendants or nurses.

"The reasons for treating the Freshman crew and Freshman ball teams differently from the same organizations in the older classes seem to be losing their force in the minds of some of the graduates and undergraduates who take a strong interest in athletic sports; and it may therefore be hoped that the Freshman class will soon be treated in regard to athletics like the other classes. The early organization of the Freshman crew and Freshman football team, made before the men have got acquainted with each other, and while the best leaders in these sports are still unproved, is an injurious influence which is often a lasting one. Intercollegiate football for young men who have just joined the University causes a great interference with their studies at the worst possible time; namely, at the very beginning of their University career. The injury which College and Scientific School members of the Freshman football teams suffer is plainly to be seen in the following table, although the November grades are never conclusive, and the membership of the team changes so much during the season that it is hard to determine what men should be included in the table. For this reason, and also because a Freshman can only very rarely be of proved capacity for the severest strains, Freshmen should be excluded from University crews and ball teams.

SUMMARY OF THE RECORDS OF COLLEGE AND SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL FRESHMEN ON THE FRESHMAN FOOTBALL TEAMS FOR THE YEARS 1897 AND 1898.

"In all the sports it is very desirable to develop some agreeable, local competition, so that a large number of crews and teams may always be in practice. Thus, two or three more clubs for rowing, like the Weld Club with its 413 members, are needed, in order to put a large number of crews on the river and develop a wholesome and interesting competition at home.

"The large income derived from the principal football games has a tendency to encourage extravagance in all the sports; but a considerable portion of the gate-money has been in recent years devoted to the permanent improvement of fields and buildings.

"The total number of students who engage in vigorous out-of-door