the United States, only 21,802 were foreignborn; 91,635 were white, only 962 colored. The treaty of cession made all white Mexican residents citizens, equal in civil rights with native white Americans. Not a trace of colonial government can be found in our California, unless the control by our military from 1848 to 1850 can be so called.

In each of these instances an insignificant number of resident French and Spanish people came under our jurisdiction. Their lands, lying adjacent to our other territory, invited immigration from our own people, who soon became the vast majority of the population.

You also cite the residence of Poles, Hungarians, Italians, and others in our States. They in no instance have been subject to any colonial government here.

It is one thing to permit an inferior number of alien races to reside in the midst of our own people; it is a wholly different thing to govern ten millions of divers Asiatic races, who form well-nigh the entire population of tropical islands more than ten thousand miles from our shores.

Our war with Spain began without any relation to the Filipinos. As a rightful act of war our fleet destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor, and, aided by our troops, gave us control of both city and harbor. But we have no possession, or control, of the remainder of Luzon, or of any other of the group, except small Corregidor, in the entrance to Manila Harbor.

About ten millions of people, of various Asiatic races (with very few Europeans), constitute the Filipinos. Some of these races are warl.ke. Spain has never subdued a large number of these peoples. She has controlled the harbors; has some fortified towns and posts, mainly on the coasts. These peoples differ in religions, customs, and culture, as well as race.

Many of those who had submitted to Spain were in rebellion when our war began, and others have since joined them. If Spain shall cede the Philippines to us, we will take title from a grantor who is now in actual possession of very little of the land conveyed; and with notice that much of that land is held by peoples who claim it as their own property and jurisdiction.

How can our act of war as to the fleet, harbor, and city of Manila impose upon us any duty to conquer the remainder of Luzon and the other islands, and their millions of people?

Our people are uty ignorant and inexperienced as to "how" such peoples must be managed and governed. England learned how by more than a century of actual experience in India a century full of wars and troubles. This enabled her to form an army of civil servants well instructed and equipped, which continues on duty without change (save in a few of the highest posts) no matter how frequently one political party gives the powers of government to its oppo

nent.

If we take the Philippines, we must first conquer the native races, and then begin to learn how to govern each of them; begin to create the army of civil servants which, under the constant protection of our army and navy, must administer the government.

Does our history indicate that we shall succeed as the guardian and ruler of subject races? Do not generations of misrule of American Indians, and years of carpetbag control of our own South, tell of our incapacity for such duties?

While at peace with other nations, we shall find ample trouble within the islands. When at war with any strong naval power, we shall find it very difficult, if not impossible, to hold them against outside attack; because they are islands; because they are so numerous; because their peoples are of alien and diverse races; and because they are so many thousands of miles from our country.

A careful study of their trade, and of the necessary expense, will show that, each year, we shall be compelled to pay out many millions of dollars more than we can possibly receive from them.

In ceding them Spain will play the part of Pandora. I am no pessimist. My disposition is optimistic. When our war began, I told my friends that our military and naval success would be speedy; that we should easily dispose of Spain. But I added, “Our troubles will begin when we end with Spain." AN OLD SOLDIER.

Country School-Houses

To the Editors of The Outlook:

In The Outlook of December 10 I find an item relating to "Country School-Houses," in which it is stated that "a committee has been appointed by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction in this State to examine competitive plans for school buildings costing from $600 to $3,000, these plans to be loaned to local authorities about to erect

school buildings," etc. This statement I think must refer either to action recently taken in some other State in this direction, or interest may have been suddenly revived in a plan which was put in operation in this State several years ago. In 1888 the State Superintendent of this State was authorized by the Legislature to advertise for competitive plans for school-houses. These plans were carefully examined by competent persons, and rewards were made to successful architects. The plans submitted were published by this Department and freely circulated throughout the State and country. Many excellent school-houses have been erected since that time upon the plans offered. Nothing has been done in this direction since the first attempt to attract public attention to the condition of school buildings and the need of reform in the construction of school-houses. The publications, transmitted to school authorities everywhere, contained suggestions in reference to lighting, heating, ventilation, the use of blackboards, the care of outbuildings, etc., etc.

I have sent The Outlook copies of the publications issued by this Department for your inspection. We have been able to accomplish a great deal of good in the right direction, although there is still room for great improvement, and I have under consideration a proposition to again agitate this subject by inviting architects to submit plans for modern school buildings of moderate cost.

Albany, N. Y.

CHARLES R. SKINNER, State Superintendent.

The Abbot Scholarship Mention has previously been made in these columns of the fact that pupils and friends of the old Spingler Institute of this city are endeavoring to establish a Memorial Scholarship in Vassar College to bear the names of Gorham D. and Rebecca S. Abbot, who were the founders of Spingler Institute and were among the earliest promoters in this country of the higher education for women. At a recent reception given to the Memorial Committee at the house of Mrs. Arthur T. Sullivan, the treasurer announced that $1,980 of the needed $8,000 had been raised. Addresses were made by Dr. Henry van Dyke, who urged the necessity of the best education possible for young women, and by President Taylor, of Vassar, who pointed out the need and value of scholarships in the educational

The

scheme of that famous institution. treasurer of the Abbot Memorial Fund is Mrs. George P. Rowell, The Buckingham, New York City, to whom contributions may be sent.

Notes and Queries

NOTE TO CORRESPONDENTS.-It is seldom possible to answer any inquiry in the next issue after its receipt. Those who find expected answers late in coming will, we hope, bear in mind the impediments arising from the constant pressure of many subjects upon our limited space. Communications should always bear the writer's name and address.

1. Matthew vi., 26; x., 29; and Luke xii., 24, seem to predicate, by way of foundation for the argument that follows, the care, and, by implication, the love, of God for the individual creatures of the sub-human animal world. Is this a fair

interpretation of the passage? 2. Does the past or present history of animal life, other than human, prove or tend to prove the statement? 3. Is it true that nature is "so careful of the type... so careless of the single life"? (Spencer, "Ethics of Individual Life," sec. 235). 4. Is it true that "sub-human justice is extremely imperfect"? (Spencer, "Justice," sec. 6.) 5. Is it ever justifiable to practice vivisection (in the broadest sense of the term) without the use of anæsthetics? 6. lf "Yes" to either 3, 4, or 5, how can your answer be reconciled with passage cited in 1, either with interpretation suggested or with any other that you would hold to be true? W. W. G.

1. We think so. 2. We so judge from the evident provision for animal sustenance and welfare. 3. In geological catastrophes

there has been a wholesale destruction of types as well as of individuals. 4. Probably; all the moral rudiments discernible seem to be so. 5. We should not dare to deny this sweepingly; but, with this reserve, we affirm that there has been a shocking excess in practice. 6. Before answering this question at length, as it must be if answered fully, it is in order for you to justify the assumption on which the question impliedly rests—viz., that sentient natures can be made immune from pain without thereby being also made unsusceptible to pleasure; or, in other words, that there can be such a thing as a light that casts no shadow. For a discussion of the subject see Martineau's "Study of Religion."

Please state: 1. What Paul's meaning is in 1 Corinthians x., 11, last clause, "Upon whom the ends of the world are come." 2. The best commentary published on the Book of Revelations. 3. What is the best and ripest conclusion reached as to the meaning of the Song of Solomon? What is the best work on the book?

T. E. H. For "world" the Revised Version substitutes "ages;" "ends" is the plural of the

word which in the singular is rendered "consummation" in the margin of the Revised Version, Matthew xiii., 39, and denotes a fulfillment, not a limit; "are come" literally means "have come in front of." The words thus defined must be understood by help of the preceding context, in which references are made to the sacred history. Paraphrased, it means, "who are face to face with the issues of past ages in the results of the divine preparation related in the history above referred to." 2. Professor Milligan's is as good as any (see it in the Expositor's Bible Series). 3. It is a love song in dramatic form. Professor W. R. Smith's article, "Canticles," in the Encyclopædia Britannica; see also Dr. Griffis's "The Lily among Thorns: A Study of the Biblical Drama entitled the Song of Solomon" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, $1.25).

1. Yes, provided a duly qualified leader would take it in hand-a condition not easily met. The "Divine Comedy" is a sort of Pilgrim's Progress, a delineation of the way through sin and out of sin into salvation, from the point of view of the common Christian. But it is conceived in the horizon of

the Middle Ages and the Ptolemaic astronomy, and so is more difficult for the ordinary modern reader to follow. 2. Witte's work is specially for scholars. Scartazzini's is preferable. Dr. A. H. Strong, in his "Great Poets and their Theology," has a chapter on Dante, which, though condensed in treatment, is helpful as far as it goes, and an excellent introduction to a more elaborate study.

York, in 1874, at $5. If still in print, it can be ordered from New York by any bookseller. 2. A book of great value, because it pursues the method of an expert lawyer in examining the question of credibility, and gives an expert's judgment thereon.

In your Notes and Queries, December 17, an answer is given to a question concerning a Hebew Bible which might be slightly modified. There is in existence a very admirable Hebrew Bible in which the Psalter, Proverbs, Job, and sundry minor poetical passages are printed in verse form arranged according to parallelism. It is edited by C. D. Ginsburg, under the title "Massoretico-Critical Text of the Hebrew Bible," London: Trinitarian Bible Society, 25 New Oxford Street, 1894. R. W. R.

We are glad to insert the above, but the inquirer referred to wanted more than this.

1. Kindly give me a list of books from which I can get a comprehensive history of the rise and progress of the Baptists in the United States and especially in Virginia. 2. Also a list showing the relationship between the early Baptists and Quakers. L. C.

1. See Semple's "History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia" (Pitt, Richmond, $1.50); Vedder's "Short History of the Baptists" (Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia, $1); "The Baptist Cyclopædia" (Everts, Philadelphia). 2. We can give you no references on this, but suggest that you write to the Baptist Publication Society.

I think you are in error in your answer on page 983 as to English Bible with poetical parts printed in verse. I have a "paragraph" Bible in which the poetical parts are so arranged.

R. N. D.

This is one of a number of similar commu

nications, all in error. The query answered on page 983 was for an English Bible in which "all" the poetical portions are printed as such. We repeat our reply that as yet there is none. For example, see Isaiah liii., where one of the songs of the "Servant of Jehovah" is still printed as prose.

The price of Hastings's "New Dictionary of the Bible," published by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, is $6 per volume, instead of $4, as recently stated in this column.

The Months

January brings the snow,

Makes our feet and fingers glow.

February brings the rain,
Thaws the frozen lake again.

March brings breezes loud and shrill,
Stirs the dancing daffodil.

April brings the primrose sweet,
Scatters daisies at our feet.

May brings flocks of pretty lambs,
Skipp ng by their fleecy dams.

June brings tulips, lilies, roses,
Fills the children's hands with posies.
Hot July brings cooling showers,
Apricots and gillyflowers.
August brings the sheaves of corn,
Then the harvest home is borne.

Warm September brings the fruit,
Sportsmen then begin to shoot.

Fresh October brings the pheasant,
Then to gather nuts is pleasant.
Dull November brings the blast,
Then the leaves are whirling fast.
Chill December brings the sleet,
Blazing fire and Christmas treat.
-Old Rhyme.

The pencil in the fingers of the little figure dropped closer to the scroll, which was so clean and white. ""Tisn't a baby; I know a baby; this is a "and Tip stopped; she was going to say a little old man, but that would be ridiculous. Tip looked again, and the little figure was gone.

Tip and Tod looked at each other, looked at the chair where the little figure had been, and then rubbed their eyes. No, the little figure was gone-gone; and then the children wondered why they had not been afraid. Both ran to the window, but no little child was in sight.

"Why," said Tip, "he would freeze to go out this cold day; he had 'most nothing on." Tod looked toward the fire, but there was the big screen and the fire.

It was New Year's Day, and the streets were bright with happy-looking people going to give the New Year's greetings. Tip and Tod were alone, for grandma, papa, and mamma had gone to see Uncle John, Aunt Kate, and the new baby, and everybody in the house seemed to be so busy that Tip and Tod had the whole house to themselves. Company was expected, and so much was to be done!

"Let's play house," said Tip, going toward the beautiful doll-house that she found at Christmas.

"No," answered Tod; "I want to play fireman," and he dragged out of the closet the beautiful hook-and-ladder machine that was his next to greatest treasure. He began running around the room with it, and struck the chair in which Charlotte Augusta, the lady hostess of the doll-house, was sitting. She fell on her face, and her little mother struck Tod on the back; a blow which Tod returned with all his might, and which Tip returned in full measure. She turned to pick up Charlotte Augusta-and there sat the little figure on the back of the chair writing on the scroll, but looking so sad. You may be sure that both children stopped in sheer amaze. ment. They looked at each other and back at the little figure, who was still writing.

"How did he get in?" demanded Tod. Tip, remorseful Tip, just shook her head; she was too amazed to speak, and, besides, Charlotte Augusta had been hurt. Tip sat down in her little rocker holding Charlotte Augusta, whose nose was flattened on the tip. The tears gathered and fell on her beautiful hair. Tod knew something dreadful must have happened, and hastened over to Tip's chair and saw why she was crying. He put his arm around his sister's neck, and his curly head down on hers. They both looked up, and the little figure was rubbing out what he had written on the scroll, and his face was not sad.

The two children looked at each other for an explanation; when they looked back, the little figure could not be seen.

Tod bravely walked over to the corner and looked behind the chair and the curtain, but it was not there.

Tip could not long be diverted from the serious accident that had befallen Charlotte Augusta, and was crying silently. Tod looked at her, and the tears came into his eyes as he said:

"Tip, mamma will have her fixed, and I'll— I'll give you my watch," and Tod took his treasure from his pocket.

Tip knew what that meant, and she bravely wiped her eyes and answered: "The doll man can make her well; I don't "—her voice sounded as though she would cry—" I don't believe it hurt her very much."

Charlotte Augusta was rocked, and kissed on her poor nose in the way that Tip and Tod both knew had such power to comfort and heal bruises. At last she was put to bed in her own room in her own house, until mamma could come.

"Let us play ninepins," said Tod, with a feeling of security as he looked about and thought there was nothing else to be hurt or injured in the clear space he had selected.

They began, but presently a discussion arose as to whether Tod had knocked down three or four pins. They grew more and more angry and noisy. "I did!" "You didn't!" was fairly hurled through the air, and Tod raised his foot to kick Tip-when there sat the little figure on the back of the chair writing and looking very sad. Tod's foot fell back on the floor, but Tip, expecting what Tod was going to do, threw a ninepin and struck Tod on the foot. There was a cry of pain, and in a minute both of Tip's arms were round Tod's neck, and she was sobbing, "I did not mean it, Tod, dear. Does it hurt

so much?" and she kissed Tod's face wherever she could find a place.

When they remembered, they looked at the little figure, and it was rubbing out what it had written, and the sweetest smile was on its lips.

The two children were quiet in a minute, and stood holding hands and looking up at the figure.

"Tod, it's the spirit of the year; don't you remember grandma told us about it? It has a clean page, and begins to write on it the first day of the year."

Tod bounded forward to climb into the chair and catch the figure, but he stubbed his toe on a mat, and nearly fell. Tip sprang to help him, and when they looked up again the little figure was gone.

"Oh, Tip!" and Tod fairly trembled. "Grandma said the good things we did stayed on the page, and also the bad things for which we were not sorry."

Tip was still and thoughtful. They climbed on the sofa and held each other's hands, looking at the big chair that had held this important visitor.

"Tod, we were sorry, and there is nothing written." They sat closer together. "Tod, let us do something good to stay on the page."

They looked about, but could see nothing to do. A bright look flashed over Tod's face, and, putting his arm around Tip, he whispered, "Let us be good," and Tip nodded.

'Well, my little team seems to have quieted down early," and their pretty mamma kissed and kissed them over and over again. They were so solemn that she got up and looked at them.

"Mamma, the spirit of the year has been here, and he wrote—”

"But he rubbed it out," interrupted Tip; and grandma came in with a knowing look, saying, "I guess it is time for a walk;" and in this delightful proposal, with papa as companion, even the spirit of the New Year was forgotten for a time. But they often remembered. When the danger signal was in Tip's face, Tod tried to love it away. When Tod's fists doubled up, or his foot came quickly from the ground, somehow the memory of the little figure and the clean white page on which things might be written that they would not want to read, or have any one else read, when the year was twelve months old, made them careful, and they tried to be good; and then there were written many things that they did not know, for they did not remember the doing.