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THE

American Bell Telephone BOSTON.

COMPANY.

125 MILK ST., BOSTON, MASS

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The Boston Medical and
Surgical Journal.

MASSACHUSETTS.

A FIRST-CLASS WEEKLY MEDICAL NEWSPAPER. ESTABLISHED 1828.

numbers, 15c. Ten consecutive numbers free by mail on receipt of $1.00.
vance. To Foreign Countries embraced in the Universal Postal Union, $1.56 a year additional. Single
mis JOURNAL circulates chiefly through the New England States, and is seen by the great majority
this under the editorial management of Dr. George R. Shattuck, assisted by a large staff of compe-

This Company owns the Letters - Patent of the profession in that important district. As a means of reaching physicians it is unequalled.

No 186, 787, granted to Alexander Graham

has been defined by the Supreme Court of by mail should be sent by money-order, draft or registered letter.

Bell, January 30th, 1877, the scope of which tent coadjutors. Subscriptions and advertisements received by the undersigned, to whom remittances

the United States in the following terms: "The patent itself is for the mechanical structure of an electric telephone to be used to produce the electrical action on which the The third claim is for the first patent rests.

sein such instruments of a diaphragm, made of a plate of iron or steel, or other material capable of inductive action; the fifth,

DAMRELL & UPHAM, 283 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.

SOFTLY STEALS THE LIGHT OF DAY wher filtered through windows covered with CRYSTOGRAPHS,

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of a permanent magnet constructed as de. a substitute for Stained Glass that is inexpensive, Thought.-Strong meat for them that are of full age.

scribed with a coil upon the end or ends

beautiful, and easily applied.

CRYSTOGRAPH CO.,
316 North Broad St., Philadelphia.

scarest the plate; the sixth, of a sounding 20c. per square foot. Samples and catalogue, 10c. box as described; the seventh, of a speaking or hearing tube as described for conveying the sounds; and the eighth, of a permanent magnet and plate combined. The claim is not for these several things in and of themselves, but for an electric telephone in the construction of which these things or any of them are used."'

This Company also owns Letters-Patent No. 463, 569, granted to Emile Berliner, November 17, 1891, for a combined Telegraph and Telephone, and controls Letters-Patent No. 474, 231, granted to Thomas A. Edison, May 3, 1892, for a Speaking Telegraph, which cover fundamental inventions and embrace all forms of microphone transmit

ters and of carbon telephones.

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THE MODERN MALADY; or, Suf

ferers from 'Nerves.'

An introduction to public consideration, from a non-medical point of view, of a condition of ill-health which is increasingly prevalent in all ranks of society. In the first part of this work the author dwells on the errors in our mode of treating Neurasthenia, consequent on the wide ignorance of the subject which still prevails; in the second part, attention is drawn to the principal causes of the malady. The allegory forming the Introduction to Part I. gives a brief history of nervous exhaustion and the modes of treatment which have at various times been thought suitable to this most painful and trying disease.

By CYRIL BENNETT. 120, 184 pp., $1.50.

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Fact and Theory Papers

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Containing the works of the foremost scientific vriters of the age.-The Great Classics of Modern Single numbers 15 cents. Double numbers 30 cents. Address:-THE HUMBOLDT PUBLISHING CO.. 19 Astor Place, New York.

LIGHTNING DESTROYS!

Shall it be your house or a pound of copper?

OF CON. Entirely new departure in protecting buildings from lightning. One hundred feet of the Hodges Patent Lightning Dispeller (made under patents of N. D. C.

By APPLETON MORGAN, Esq. 12°. 20 cents.

III. PROTOPLASM AND LIFE By
C. F. Cox. 12°. 75 cents.

IV. THE CHEROKEES IN PRE-CO

LUMBIAN TIMES. BY CYRUS THOMAS, 12°. $1. Hodges, Editor of Science) will

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be sent, prepaid, to any ad

PHENOMENA. BY JOSEPH JASTROW. 120. 50c. dress, on receipt of five dollars.

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N. D. C. HODGES, Publisher,

874 Broadway, New York.

By

Correspondence solicited. Agents wanted.

AMERICAN LIGHTNING PROTECTION CO.,

874 Broadway, New York City.

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CAL CULTURE CHART, with illustrated directions for de veloping every part of the body healthfully, 50 cts. Sent for half price to those naming this paper.

WHITNEY HOME GYMNASIUM CO., Box D., Rochester, N. Y.

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NEW METHOD OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS FROM LIGHTNING. SPARE THE ROD AND SPOIL THE HOUSE! Lightning Destroys. Shall it be Your House or a Pound of Copper?

PROTECTION FROM LIGHTNING.

What is the Problem?

IN seeking a means of protection from lightning-discharges, we have in view two objects, the one the prevention of damage to buildings, and the other the prevention of injury to life. In order to destroy a building in whole or in part, it is necessary that work should be done; that is, as physicists express it, energy is required. Just before the lightning-discharge takes place, the energy capable of doing the damage which we seek to prevent exists in the column of air extending from the cloud to the earth in some form that makes it capable of appearing as what we call electricity. We will therefore call it electrical energy. What this electrical energy is, it is not necessary for us to consider in this place; but that it exists there can be no doubt, as it manifests itself in the destruction of buildings. The problem that we have to deal with, therefore, is the conversion of this energy into some other form, and the accomplishment of this in such a way as shall result in the least injury to property and life.

Why Have the Old Rods Failed?

When lightning-rods were first proposed, the science of energetics was entirely undeveloped; that is to say, in the middle of the last century scientific men had not come to recognize the fact that the different forms of energy heat, electricity, mechanical power, etc.- were convertible one into the other, and that each could produce just so much of each of the other forms, and no more. The doctrine of the conservation and correlation of energy was first clearly worked out in the early part of this century. There were, however, some facts known in regard to electricity a hundred and forty years ago; and among these were the attracting power of points for an electric spark, and the conducting power of metals. Lightning-rods were therefore introduced with the idea that the electricity existing in the lightning-discharge could be conveyed around the building which it was proposed to protect, and that the building would thus be saved.

The question as to dissipation of the energy involved was entirely ignored, naturally; and from that time to this, in spite of the best endeavors of those Interested, lightning-rods constructed in accordance with Franklin's principle have not furnished satisfactory protection. The reason for this is apparent when it is considered that the electrical energy existing in the atmosphere before the discharge, or, more exactly, in the column of dielectric from the cloud to the earth, above referred to, reaches its maximum value on the surface of the conductors that chance to be within the column of dielectric; so that the greatest display of energy will be on the surface of the very lightningrods that were meant to protect, and damage results, as so often proves to be the case.

It will be understood, of course, that this display of energy on the surface of the old lightning-rods is aided by their being more or less insulated from the earth, but in any event the very existence of such a mass of metal as an old lightning-rod can only tend to produce a disastrous dissipation of electrical energy upon its surface,-"to draw the lightning," as it is so commonly put.

Is there a Better Means of Protection?

Having cleared our minds, therefore, of any idea of conducting electricity, and keeping clearly in view the fact that in providing protection against lightning we must furnish some means by which the electrical energy may be harmlessly dissipated, the question arises, "Can an improved form be given to the rod so that it shall & n this dissipation ? "

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יי

As the electrical energy involved manifests itself on the surface of conductors, the improved rod should be metallic; but, instead of making a large rod, suppose that we make it comparatively small in size, so that the total amount of metal running from the top of the house to some point a little below the foundations shall not exceed one pound. Suppose, again, that we introduce numerous insulating joints in this rod. We shall then have a rod that experience shows will be readily destroyed-will be readily dissipated - when a discharge takes place; an 1 it will be evident, that, so far as the electrical energy is consumed in doing this, there will be the less to do other damage.

The only point that remains to be proved as to the utility of such a rod is to show that the dissipation of such a conductor does not tend to injure other bodies in its immediate vicinity. On this point I can only say that I have found no case where such a conductor (for instance, a bell wire) has been dissipated, even if resting against a plastered wall, where there has been any material damage done to surrounding objects.

Of course, it is readily understood that such an explosion cannot take place in a confined space without the rupture of the walls (the wire cannot be boarded over); but in every case that I have found recorded this dissipation takes place just as gunpowder burns when spread on a board. The objects against which the conductor rests may be stained, but they are not shattered, I would therefore make clear this distinction between the action of electrical energy when dissipated on the surface of a large conductor and when dissipated on the surface of a comparatively small or easily dissipated conductor. When dissipated on the surface of a large conductor, a conductor so strong as to resist the explosive effect, - damage results to objects around. When dissipated on the surface of a small conductor, the conductor goes, but the other objects around are saved

A Typical Case of the Action of a Small Conductor. Franklin, in a letter to Collinson read before the London Royal Society, Dec. 18, 1755, describing the partial destruction by lightning of a church-tower at Newbury, Mass., wrote, "Near the bell was fixed an iron hammer to strike the hours; and from the tail of the hammer a wire went down through a small gimlet-hole in the floor that the bell stood upon, and through a second floor in like manner; then horizontally under and near the plastered ceiling of that second floor, till it came near a plastered wall; then down by the side of that wall to a clock, which stood about twenty feet below the bell. The wire was not bigger than a common knitting needle. The spire was split all to pieces by the lightning, and the parts flung in all directions over the square in which the church stood, so that nothing remained above the bell. The lightring passed between the hammer and the clock in the above-mentioned wire, without hurting either of the floors, or having any effect upon them (except making the gimlet-holes, through which the wire passed, a little bigger), and without hurting the plastered wall, or any part of the bullding, so far as the aforesaid wire and the pendulum-wire of the clock extended; which latter wire was about the thickness of a goose-quill. From the end of the pendulum, down quite to the ground, the building was exceedingly rent and damaged. . . . No part of the aforementioned long, small wire, between the clock and the hammer, could be found, except about two inches that hung to the tall of the hammer, and about as much that was fastened to the clock; the rest being exploded, and its particles dissipated in smoke and air, as gunpowder is by common fire, and had only left a black smutty track on the plastering, three or four inches broad, darkest in the middle, and fainter towards the edges, all along the ceiling, under which it passed, and down the wall." One hundred feet of the Hodges Patent Lightning Dispeller (made under patents of N. D. C. Hodges, Editor of Science) will be malled, postpaid, to any address, on receipt of five dollars ($5).

Correspondence solicited. Agents wanted. AMERICAN LIGHTNING PROTECTION CO.. 874 Broadway, New York Citv.

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N. D. C. HODGES,

874 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Every reader of "Science" should subscribe for the

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BY

NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 15, 1893.

"CARBORUNDUM"; A SILICIDE OF CARBON.

WILLIAM R. BLAKE, NEW HAVEN, CONN., AND SHULLS-
BURG, WIS.

UNDER the name carborundum," a new compound of carbon and silicon has been commercially introduced as an abrasive; a substitute for emery and corundum. It is a very hard crystalline solid, of a deep green color, and was obtained about the year 1890 by Mr. E. G. Acheson, of Chicago, while experimenting with the electric furnace with the intent of producing artificial diamonds. Under the supposition that he had obtained a compound of carbon and alumina he gave it the name "carborundum." Analysis, however, shows the following composition : Si 69.10 C.

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30.20

0.49

0.15

Which may be expressed by the formula SiC; the other substances being regarded as impurities, and as imparting the color, which is found to be variable, from nearly white to a deep green and blue.

At a session of the Academy of Sciences of France, May 16, 1892, M. P. Schützenberger described the production of a new compound with the same formula.† It appears, however, that some carborundum had previously been molded into buttons and mounted in bulbs for electric lighting and exhibited by Mr. Nikola Tesla before the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London in the month of February, 1892, but its composition was not then known.

The value of this substance as an abrasive has led to its manufacture upon a large scale, and its introduction in the form of powders of different degrees of fineness, and of wheels and whetstones and polishing cloths.

The processes of manufacture are described in the memoir cited and also in another by the inventor, which gives illustrations of the furnace, which consists merely of a rectangular box, about six feet long, eighteen inches wide and a foot deep, built up of fire brick, in which a mixture of sand and carbon is exposed to the electric current for eight hours. The result is a mass of crystals of small size, which is crushed, and the powder is digested with dilute sulphuric acid to remove impurities.

The crystallization has been carefully studied by Prof. B. W. Frazier, of Lehigh Univ., who finds it to be rhombohedral, and in some cases hexagonal. Both direct and inverse rhombohedra were observed and determined, viz.: 1-5, 4-5, 10-11, 1, 5-4, 4-3, 10-7, 2, 5-2, 4, 19-4, 5, 10.|| In some crystals the direct and inverse rhombohedra of the same parameters were found on the same crystal, so as

*By Dr. Mulhaeuser, chemist of the Carborundum Company, in Memoir, by E. G. Acheson: "Carborundum, Its History, Manufacture and Uses." Jour. Frank. Inst., Philadelphia, Pa., Sept., 1893. + Contribution to the History of Carbo-silicious Compounds. Carborundum, etc., The Electrical Engineer, XV., p. 227, March, 1893. From a Report to the Carborundum Co., Memoir cited. Appendix, p. 19.

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In the crystals which I have examined the tabular habit prevails, and as seen under the microscope they consist of hexagonal plates with the rhombohedral planes too small to permit of their inclination being measured. T

The specific gravity of a bluish-green colored mass as determined by myself at 60 F. was found to be 2.546. Prof. J. W. Richards found it to be for the green crystals 3.123, and for the blue somewhat less.

The hardness, which is the most important character industrially, lies between the sapphire and the diamond, and may thus be expressed by 92. It is claimed by the inventor that the powder on a rapidly revolving lap will cut and polish the diamond, and he believes that it may be advantageously substituted for diamond dust in diamond cutting.

It is a good conductor of heat, and is not fusible before the blow-pipe. It also resists all acids, even the fluoric, and does not burn when heated in a current of oxygen; this being one of the methods adopted to obtain it free of any graphitic carbon.

The color and lustre are remarkably brilliant, and if by any modification of the process large and solid crystals can be made, we shall have a valuable addition to our list of gems.

Considering the abundance of these two elements in nature, both silicon and carbon, and the comparatively indestructible nature of the compound formed by their union, it is surprising that we do not find this compound in nature. Its absence indicates the prevalence of conditions during the formation of the crust of the earth unlike those of the electric furnace.

LATTER-DAY TAXIDERMY.

BY VERNON L. KELLOGG, ITHACA, N. Y.

TAXIDERMY is hardly recognized as one of the fine arts, yet. Perhaps it may never be. But the truthfulness of representation, and the artistic effects of posing and grouping which "mounted" animals may exhibit, can often invest such work with an interest for those who may not be much inclined toward taxidermy for the sake of the skin-preserving. The displays of mounted birds and mammals at the World's Fair present several stages of progress in the art of taxidermy, and lead one to speculate on the outcome of it all. For scientific purposes, sensu stricta, the making of birdskins is probably preferable to attempting the mounting of the specimens; and so perhaps with many of the mammals. haps with many of the mammals. Evidently, however, if the specimen in hand can be truthfully represented so far as form and characteristic position and externals go, it may serve as a teaching object to many to whom the "made" skin, with accompanying written measurements, may be without a lesson.

But it seems as if it were possible to go even farther :

¶ Vide Article in Eng. Min. Jour., Sept., 1893.

not only shall the restored animal act as a lesson in zoölogy, a reference object which may impress on the student-naturalist the peculiar characteristics of the animal species represented, but the restoration may possess the power of displaying the emotions and passions; it may be beautiful; it may, in a word, appeal to the human sense just as a figure in marble or bronze or staff may. The analogies, too, between sculpture and latter-day taxidermy, in matters of technique, are striking. The sculptor makes his model in clay, and often enough, now-a-days, is done with it.

Italian artisans are clever enough to carry on the work of reproduction even to the final touches on the marble. The man mounting an elk makes a model so complete in detail that the putting on of the skin does hardly more than add color and the effect of hair to his statue. A wooden frame, a rough wrapping of tow and twine, and over all the plastic clay giving truthful detail of form, and life, compose the model. The shapeliness of the limbs, with loose or swelling muscles, the rigid tendons, the sunken flanks, the projecting angles of the pelvic and shoulder girdles, the expressive lines of the eyes and nose and mouth, all exist in the model. Over this is drawn the skin, which fits because it does fit, and which is only a bit of realism added by the sculptor-taxidermist to his model. The traditional "stuffing" is truly a matter of tradition.

The taxidermist who is a naturalist and has thoroughly studied his subjects; who is an anatomist and is true, in his work, to structural detail; who has seen his animals walk and crouch and leap, not in cages alone, but in the forest and canon; and who perceives the look of fear or defiance, the attitude of cunning or of ferocity or of pain, and carries these expressions and poses ever in his eye, to be faithfully reproduced in his restoration, is equipped as the sculptor of animals must be equipped. And taxidermy by such a taxidermist comes near to being fine art. Among the World's Fair displays of taxidermic work a notable one is that made by the University of Kansas, in the Kansas State Building. This building was planned with special reference to the displaying of this collection, and the arrangement adopted is an effective one. The collection comprises 109 mounted specimens of North American mammals, and contains several groups, as those of the Rocky Mountain Goats and the American Bison, of special value, from the zoologist's point of view. But the rare excellence of the taxidermic work in this collection should attract a more general interest than that of the zoologist alone. The work was done by Lewis L. Dyche, professor of zoölogy in the University of Kansas, and a majority of the specimens were personally obtained by him in a number of collecting expeditions. Some striking groups will repay critical study. In the fighting of two moose, the faithful adherence to anatomical detail, as shown in the contracted muscles, the carefully disposed limbs, and the skilful arrangement of the heads, is no more in evidence-in fact, at first glance is far less striking-than the artistic effect of the whole. The fury and extremity of exertion of the struggling animals is impressive. In a single magnificently-antlered elk the poise, the fine contour of the body, the speaking expression of the head and face are that of unconscious superiority. A snarling wolf has a head whose modelling is a work of genuine fine art. And the fine art of truth of detail is not neglected for the whole's effect. In the Art Galleries at the World's Fair there are many excellent pieces of animal sculpture, but a critical analysis will betray in some of them a woful ignorance of mammalian anatomy on the part of the sculptor, or a wilful distortion of it by him. For example, a reclining panther, with young, on

the whole a fine piece, and singularly expressive, has the lower portions of the hind legs absurdly lengthened. Again, and often, the sculptor, to show that he really has anatomical detail in mind, has practically "skinned" his animals. A lion, in staff, at one of the entrances, and a panther, in bronze, within, are examples of this peculiarity. But in sculpture, probably, the effect is the primary intention; in taxidermy, truthful reproduction is the primary intention. Where, however, the mounted animal may not only be an object of scientific value as a truthful restoration, but may be possessed of the attributes of a work of fine art, the combination is a happy one. That such a combination is possible the writer believes some of Professor Dyche's animals prove.

NOTES AND NEWS.

"INDUCTIVE PSYCHOLOGY," by E. A. Kirkpatrick, is an outline of the science prepared for use in the author's classes in the State Normal School of Minnesota, and bears the imprint of Jones and Kroeger, Winona, Minn. It treats of the elements of the subject only, and some of them are so briefly dealt with that the book will hardly serve for those who study without a teacher; but for classes whose teacher is capable of expanding the hints that are plentifully scattered through the book it will be useful. It opens with a brief account of what psychology is and of the proper method of studying it, and then proceeds to treat first of the general powers of the intellect, consciousness and attention, and afterwards of the various special powers, such as perception, memory, etc. The author's expression is direct and simple, and, considering the smallness of the book, the elucidation of the various topics is remarkably clear. The views presented are, in the main, those that have stood the test of time; and we notice in particular that Mr. Kirkpatrick lays little stress on physiological methods, and apparently has little faith in their efficacy. On one point we are compelled to differ with him. He alleges in his preface that psychology has hitherto been taught deductively, and he seems to think that his own "inductive" method is something in great part new; but we have never seen a deductive psychology such as he speaks of, and we can see no essential difference between his method and that of previous writers. The best feature in the book is the numerous hints to teachers as to the best mode of studying the psychology of their pupils, a feature that makes the work specially available in the training of teachers.

-The translation of Windelband's "History of Philosophy," by Professor Tufts, of the University of Chicago, will be published about the third week of September by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. Messrs. Macmillan & Co. The advance sheets now ready indicate that the work will prove a valuable addition to available English records of the development of scientific conceptions of nature and human life. It will be published in one volume of about six hundred pages.

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-Additional announcements of books to be published this fall by the Macmillans are : Pain, Pleasure, and Esthetics": An Essay Concerning the Psychology of Pain and Pleasure, with special reference to Esthetics, by Henry Rutgers Marshall, M.A.; an annotated edition of the Adelphoe of Terence, by Prof. Sidney G. Ashmore, of Union College, Schenectady; a new edition with vocabulary and notes of Zupitza's "Old and Middle English Reader," upon the vocabulary of which Prof. MacLean, of the University of Minnesota, has been at work for some years, making it very complete and accurate; and a volume of "Chronological Outlines of American Literature," on the plan of, and uniform with, Mr. Ryland's "Outlines of Eng

lish Literature."

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