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Sect. 3. Treafon against the United States fhall confift only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No perfon fhall be convicted of treafon unless on the teftimony of two witnesses to the fame overt act, or on confeffion in open court.

The Congrefs fhall have power to declare the punishment of treafon, but no attainder of treafon thall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the perfon attainted.

ARTICLE IV.

Sect. 1. Full faith and credit fhall be given in each state to the publie acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other ftate. And the Congrefs may by general laws prefcribe the manner in which fuch acts, records, and proceedings fhall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Sect. 2. The citizens of each ftate fhall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.

A perfon charged in any ftate with treafon, felony, or other crime, who fhall flee from juftice, and be found in another ftate, fhall on demand of the executive authority of the ftate from which he fled be delivered up, to be removed to the ftate having jurifdiction of the crime.

No perfon held to fervice or labour in one flate, under the laws thereof, efcaping into another, fhall in confequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from fuch fervice or labour, but fhall be delivered np on claim of the party to whom fuch fervice or labour may be due.

Sect. 3. New ftates may be admitted by the Congrefs into this union, but no new ftate fhall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of ftates, without the confent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congrefs.

The Congrefs fhall have power to difpofe of and make all needful rules and regulations refpecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this conftitution fhall be fo conftrued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular ftate. Sect. 4. The United States fhall guarantee to every ftate in this union a republican form of government, and fhall protect each of them against invafion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.

The Congrefs, whenever two-thirds of both houfes fhall deem it necef. fary, fhall propofe amendments to this conftitution; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the feveral ftates, fhall call a convention for propofing amendments, which, in either cafe, fhall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this conftitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the feveral ftates, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be propofed by the Congrefs: Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thoufand eight hundred and eight, fhall in any manner affect the firft and fourth claufes in the ninth fection of the first article; and that no ftate, without its confent, fhall be deprived of its equal fuffrage in the Senate,

ARTICLE

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ARTICLE VI.

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation.

This conftitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the fupreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the conftitution or laws of any ftate to the contrary notwithstanding.

The fenators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several ftate legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no religious test shall ever he required as a qualification to any office or public truft under the United States.

ARTICLE VII.

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be fufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the fame.

DONE in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the
Seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven
Hundred and Eighty-seven, and of the Independance of the United States
of America the Twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto fubfcrib-
zd our names,

GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prefident.
Signed alfo by all the Delegates which were present from twelve States.
Atteft.
WILLIAM JACKSON, Seeretary.

In CONVENTION, Monday September 17, 1787.

PRESENT,

The States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New-York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina and Georgia.

Refolved,

HAT the preceding conftitution be laid before the United States in is the opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a convention of Delegates, chofen in each state by the people thereof, under the recommendation of its Legislature, for their affent and ratification; and that each convention assenting to, and ratifying the fame, should give notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled.

I Congress affembled, and that it

RESOLVED, That it is the opinion of this convention, that as foon as the conventions of nine states shall have ratified this conftitution, the United States in Congress assembled, should fix a day on which Electors should be appointed by the states which shall have ratified the fame, and a day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the Prefident, and the time and place for commencing proceedings under this conftitusion. That after fuch publication, the Electors should be appointed, and

the

the fenators and representatives elected: That the electors fhould meet on the day fixed for the election of the Prefident, and should tranfmit their votes certified, figned, fealed and directed, as the conftitution requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congrefs affembled; that the fenators and reprefentatives fhould convene at the time and place affigned; that the fenators fhould appoint a Prefident of the fenate, for the fole purpofe of receiving, opening and counting the votes for Prefident; and, that after he fhall be chofen, the Congrefs, together with the Prefident, fhould, without delay, proceed to execute this Conftitution.

By the unanimous order of the Convention,

GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prefident.

WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.

SIR,

In CONVENTION, September 17, 1787.

WE have now the honour to fubmit to the confideration of the United

States in Congrefs affembled, that conftitution which has appeared to us the most advisable.

The friends of our country have long feen and defired, that the power of making war, peace and treaties, that of levying money and regulating commerce, and the correfpondent executive and judicial authorities fhould be fully and effectually vefted in the general government of the union; but the impropriety of delegating fuch an extenfive truft to one body of then is evident. Hence refults the neceffity of a different organization.

It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of thefe ftates, to fecure all rights of independant fovereignty to each, and yet provide for the intereft and fafety of all.-Individuals entering into fociety, muft give up a fhare of liberty to preferve the reft. The magnitude of the facrifice muft depend as well on fituation and circumftances, as on the object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between thofe rights which must be furrendered, and those which may be referved; and on the prefent occafion this difficulty was encreafed by a difference among the feveral ftates as to their fituation, extent, habits and particular interefts.

In all our deliberations on this fubject, we kept fteadily in our view, that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American, the confolidation of our union, in which is involved our profperity, felicity, fafety, perhaps our national existence. This important confideration, feriously and deeply impreffed on our minds, led each state in the convention to be lefs rigid on points of inferior magnitude, than might have been otherwife expected; and thus the conftitution, which we now prefent, is the refult of a fpirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and conceffion which the peculiarity of our political fituation rendered indispenfible.

That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every state is not perhaps to be expected: but each will doubtlefs confider that had her interefts been alone confulted, the confequences might have been particularly difagreeable or injurious to others: That it is liable to as few exceptions as could reafonably have been expected, we hope and believe: That

though often acknowledged, had never been clearly afcertained. To effect this defign, they captured the English veffels, which they found along the Spanish Main, and many of the British subjects were doomed to work in the mines of Potofi.

Repeated severities of this kind at length (1739) produced a war between England and Spain. Porto Bello was taken from the Spaniards by Admiral Vernon. Commodore Anfon, with a squadron of fhips, failed to the South Seas, diftreffed the Spanish fettlements on the weltern those of America, and took a Galleon laden with immenfe riches. But in 1741 a formidable armament, destined to attack Carthagena, under the command of Lord Cathcart, returned unsuccessful, with the lofs of upwards of twelve thousand British foldiers and feamen, and the defeat of the expedition, raised a clamour against the minifter, Sir Robert Walpole, which produced a change in the administration. This change removed the fcene of war to Europe, fo that America was not immediately affected by the fubfequent tranfactions; except that Louifburgh, the principal fortrefs of Cape Breton, was taken from the French by General Pepperell, affifted by Commodore Warren and a body of New-England troops.

This war was ended in 1748 by the treaty of peace figned at Aix la Chapelle, by which reftitution was made on both fides of all places taken during the war.

Peace, however, was of fhort duration. The French poffeffed Canada, and had made confiderable fettlements in Florida, claiming the country on both fides of the Miffiffippi, by right of difcovery. To fecure and extend their claims, they established a line of forts, on the English poffeffions, from Canada to Florida. They had fecured the important pafs at Niagara, and erected a fort at the junction of the Allegany and Monongahela rivers, called Fort Du Quefne. They took pains to fecure the friendship and affiftance of the natives, encroachments were made upon the English poffeffions, and mutual injuries fucceeded. The difputes among the fettlers in America, and the measures taken by the French to command all the trade of the St. Lawrence river on the north, and of the Miffiffippi on the fouth, excited a jealousy in the English nation, which foon broke forth in open war.

In 1756, four expeditions were undertaken in America against the French. One was conducted by General Monckton, who had orders to drive the French from the encroachments on the province of Nova-Scotia. This expedition was attended with fuccefs. General Johnson was ordered, with a body of troops, to take poffeffion of Crown Point, but he did not fucceed. General Shirley commanded an expedition against the fort at Niagara, but loft the feafon by delay. General Braddock marched against fort Du Quefne, but in penetrating through the wilderness, he incautiously fell into an ambufcade and fuffered a total defeat. General Braddock was killed, but a part of his troops were faved by the prudence and bravery of General Washington, at this time a Colonel, who then began to exhibit proofs of those military talents, by which he afterwards conducted the armies of America to victory, and his country to independence. The ill fuccess of these expeditions left the English fettlements in America exposed to the depredations of both the French and Indians. But the war now raged in Europe and the Eaft-Indies, and engaged the attention of both nations in those quarters.

It

It was not until the campaign in 1758 that affairs affumed a more favourable afpect in America. But upon a change of administration, Mr. Pitt was appointed prime minifter, and the operations of war became more vigorous and fuccefsful. General Amherst was fent to take possession of Cape Breton; and after a warm fiege, the garrifon of Louisburgh furrendered by capitulation. General Forbes was successful in taking poffeffion of Fort Du Quesne, which the French thought fit to abandon. But General Abercrombie, who commanded the troops destined to act againft the French at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, attacked the lines at Ticonderoga, where the enemy were strongly entrenched, and was defeated with a terrible flaughter of his troops. After his defeat, he returned to his camp at Lake George.

The next year, more effectual measures were taken to fubdue the French in America. General Prideaux and Sir William Johnfon began the operations of the campaign by taking the French fort near Niagara *. General Amherst took poffeffion of the forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, which the French had abandoned.

But the decifive blow, which proved fatal to the French interefts in America, was the defeat of the French army, and the taking of Quebec, by the brave General Wolfe. This hero was flain in the beginning of the action, on the plains of Abram, and Monfieur Montcalm, the French commander, likewife loft his life. The lofs of Quebec was foon followed by the capture of Montreal by General Amherst, and Canada has remained ever fince in poffeffion of the English.

Colonel Grant, in 1761, defeated the Cherokees in Carolina, and obliged them to fue for peace. The next year, Martinico was taken by Admiral Rodney and General Monckton; and alfo the island of Grenada, St. Vincents, and others. The capture of these was foon followed by the furrender of the Havanna, the capital of the island of Cuba.

In 1763, a definitive treaty of peace was concluded at Paris between Great-Britain, France, and Spain, by which the English ceded to the French feveral ifslands in the West-Indies, but were confirmed in the poffeffion of all North America on this fide the Miffiffippi, except New Orleans, and a small district of the neighbouring country.

But this war, however brilliant the fucceffes, and glorious the event, proved the cause of great and unexpected misfortunes to Great-Britain. Engaged with the combined powers of France and Spain, during several years, her exertions were furprizing, and her expence immenfe. To difcharge the debts of the nation, the parliament was obliged to have recourse to new expedients for raifing money. Previous to the last treaty in 1763, the Parliament had been fatisfied to raise a revenue from the American Colonies by a monopoly of their trade.

It will be proper here to obferve that there were three kinds of government eftablished in the British American Colonies. The first was a charter government, by which the powers of legiflation were vested in a governor, council, and affembly, chofen by the people. Of this kind were the governments of Connecticut and Rhode-Ifland. The second was a

* General Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a mortar, before the fur render of the French.

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