NEVADA: Long Valley. NEW JERSEY: Glosboro, Hammerton, Maurice Core, Mulicas. PENNSYLVANIA: Germantown. RHODE ISLAND: Burrilville, Kent, New- NEW MEXICO: Chaco, Jennes, Largo, TEXAS: Stephenville. NORTH CAROLINA: Mount Mitchell. NORTH CAROLINA-TENNESSEE: Ashe ville. OREGON: Klamath. VIRGINIA Groochland, Roanoke, War- VIRGINIA-MARYLAND: Mount Vernon. CHACO SEPTENTRIONAL, Itinéraire de la Mission de Brettes dans le 1886-88. Bulletin de Société Languedocienne de Géographie, Montpellier. OCEANIA. NAURU (Pleasant Island), Karte der Insel (Süd See). Massstab, 1 : 420,000. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, Jahrgang 1890, Tafel 8. Berlin: A. Ascher and Co. NEU GUINEA, Originalkarte der Zöllerschen Expedition in das Finisterre Gebirge. Massstab, 1:350,000. Nebenkarte Kaiser Wilhelm Land, Nord-Ost Küste. Massstab, 1:3,500,000. Petermann's Geographische Mitteilungen, Jahrgang 1890, Tafel 17. SÜD AUSTRALIEN, Karte der Gegend zwischen Lake Eyre und den Musgrave GEOLOGISCHE KARTE DER ERDE. Aequatorial - Massstab, 1:85,000,000. Jahrgang XIII., Heft 1. Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik. Wien: A. Hartleben's Verlag. CHARTS. ATLANTIC OCEAN, Mündungsgebiet der Flüsse Aqua Jafe, Rio del Rey, Meta, Andonkat, und Meme. Aufgenommen vom Kommando S. M. S. Habicht, 1889-90. Massstab, 1: 166,800. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, Jahrgang 1890, Tafel 7. Berlin: A. Ascher and Co. Entworfen und gezeichnet GROSSEN OCEAN, Unfreiwillige Wanderungen im von Otto Sittig. Massstab, 1 : 40,000,000. Petermann's Geographische Mitteilungen, Jahrgang 1890, Tafel 12. Gotha: Justus Perthes. NORDATLANTISCHEN OCEAN, Karte des Salzgehaltes an der Oberfläche des Petermann's Geographische Mitteilungen, Jahrgang 1890, Tafel 13. NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, Pilot Chart of the November. Published Monthly at the Hydrographic Office, Navy Department, THE SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. SOUTHERN AFRICA: PAST AND PRESENT. (Read at Meetings of the Society, Edinburgh and Glasgow, Feb. 1891.) BY THE REV. JAMES STEWART, M.D. THE paper which I have now the honour to lay before this Society has for its title "Southern Africa: Past and Present." But, from the method I intend to follow, perhaps it would be more honest to state at the outset that a better title would be " Our Misused or Squandered Inheritance in the South." The interest attaching to South Africa is not now strictly of a geographical, but of a politico-geographical kind. I hope this treatment of the subject may be regarded as within the limits allowed by this Society, on the ground that geography proper, except in a very limited sense, is not an end in itself, but a means to an end; or, in other words, locality without association is naught. It is the strange sad music of humanity, or the doings of those who have struggled and striven for what rightly or wrongly they conceived to be their duty, and have now disappeared, that affect us most deeply. They filled their day and went their way, with the rest of that procession, which is ever disappearing into a land of whose geography we know nothing. A second reason for venturing on the course I propose to take to-night is the rapid alterations which have taken place comparatively recently on the map of South Africa; and the fact that the causes which have led to these changes are not so well understood as the existence of these changes Except on the part of a few who are able to give constant attention to the subject, there is a want of knowledge-I do not say of the general geography of South Africa, but about the positions, relations, and origins of that group or congeries of States of one kind or another which now fill up South Africa from Table Bay to the Zambesi. themselves. VOL. VII. N The old impression of South Africa as being the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, possessing a well-defined boundary, but with a vague and undefined native territory stretching indefinitely northwards, has now passed away; and instead, we have now the following States formed, or in process of formation :-the Cape Colony; the Orange Free State; British Bechuanaland; the South African Republic or Transvaal; Natal; Zambesia, or the British Protectorate; and South-West Africa, a German Protectorate or Sphere of Influence: seven in all, without reckoning Basutoland, Zululand, and Swaziland,―all territories under special, if temporary, administration, not yet integral parts of any State except their own, and yet not independent natives territories, like Pondoland. This makes eleven in all; and, if we add Portuguese South-East Africa, about the boundaries of which the tension is considerable just at present, we have twelve. How did all these come into existence, and assume form or colour on the map, or power, place, and influence even in European politics? When a considerable proportion of us were being taught geography at school, the region covered by these newly-formed States or separate governments was marked on the map by one word-the word Unexplored. That single word was all that was thought necessary to describe a territory dire and vast and desolate, fit only for the habitation of wild beasts. But as time went on, on the fringe of the colonial territory there were men pushing gradually outwards, not exactly as explorers, but seeking lands and a home for themselves, and something they called liberty or freedom-words which, as Professor Seeley says, require a great deal of defining. Not very much came out of these local efforts, if we except one or two expeditions in the interests of natural history, and valuable for such results. And nothing very important occurred as concerns our knowledge of the great Interior till one man commenced his travels. He was the first to reverse the commonly accepted idea. He led the way, and was the first to reveal the true nature of the great unknown land of the far interior of South-Central Africa. He was Dr. David Livingstone, whose name must never be forgotten, however distinguished may be the roll-call of names of those who have followed since. Nor, considering the simplicity and peacefulness of his methods, their wise and conciliatory nature, based on knowledge of native ways and native character, the purity and sincerity of his aims as well as the beneficence of the results, and the moral influence he has exerted on his countrymen, do I think there is any chance or any danger of his name or work being ever either forgotten or surpassed. In the interests of the people of this country themselves, it would seem that South Africa needs more attention and more comprehension. The time seems now to have come when the people of Great Britain should bethink themselves seriously about the value of their South African inheritance. They should insist on a definite, comprehensible, and continuous method of dealing with it, on principles out of which party government shall not be allowed to make political capital, nor to use or abuse that inheritance by sacrificing it to party purposes or personal prejudices, and, least of all, to sentimental politics, by acts which American, |