mountains as much as 4900 above sea-level. The plateau is drained by the rivers Nyong, Sannaga, and Mbam. The two steps of the plateau are marked on the Sannaga by the Idia and Herbert Falls, on the Nyong by the Neven du Mont Falls and some rapids to the south-west of the Yaunde Station, to which Lieutenant Morgen gave the name of "Tappenbeck." The Nachtigal Falls, which are really only rapids, lie within the limits of the plateau. Forests clothe the country as far as the place where Lieutenant Morgen crossed the Nyong, and from there to the Sannaga extends a park-like region, sometimes assuming the appearance of a savannah. The grass grows to a height of 16 feet, and amidst it are generally to be found dwarf trees (Anona Senegalensis). Game is remarkably plentiful, especially where there is water, as along the banks of the Sannaga. Elephants, buffaloes, antelopes, and guinea-fowl abound here. The inhabitants of the plateau are in an unsettled state, their land being encroached on by the Mpangwe from the south, the Mwelle from the east, and the Wute from the north. From Ngila, Lieutenant Morgen made an excursion in a north-westerly direction to Ngaundere II. (not to be confounded with Ngaundere 1. in Adamawa), near the Mbam, having undertaken to assist the chief, Ngila, in an attack on this village, in return for which he was to be guided to Tibati. An attack of dysentery, aggravated by a wound, compelled Lieutenant Morgen to return to Ngila, where he soon recovered sufficiently to continue his journey as far as Yoko, the nearest village of the Tibati tribe. Here he waited four weeks for permission from the chief to enter the Tibati territory. At length he received permission to proceed to the Zanzerni, or military camp, situated four days' march to the south-west of Tibati, which he entered on December 1st. The inhabitants, 12,000 in number, were actively engaged in the slave-trade. Many of the victims came from the Cameroons territory, and were destined for Yola and Sokoto. The country beyond Yoko is a hilly savannah, sometimes assuming a mountainous character, as in the Njua heights, to the east of Zanzerni, which rise to an altitude of 3000 feet. On the way to Banyo (Flegel's furthest south) Lieutentant Morgen crossed the Mbam, and found it even so far up a stream 160 yards broad, with three or four feet of water in its channel at the driest season. He heard from the natives that it is navigable for boats and canoes still further up, and also down to Balinga, from which facts he anticipates that this iver will prove of great service in the commercial development of the country. A very considerable overland traffic now exists between Tibati and Banyo. At the latter place, a large village surrounded by a wall and ditch, the expedition was obliged to bivouac without the walls, as the chief and the majority of his warriors were absent. It is a place of great commercial activity, for two great caravan tracks from the south-east and south-west unite here, and two main routes-one through Koncha to Yola, the other past Gashka to Ibi-lead to the Benue. Following the latter route, Lieutenant Morgen arrived at Ibi, where he embarked on a steamer for Lagos. The Sanga.-On January 11th M. Fourneau left Brazzaville to explore this river, the cannon-boats, which carried his followers and baggage, being under the command of M. Gaillard. On the 3rd February the flotilla arrived at the confluence of the N'Goko, discovered in 1890 by M. Cholet. Opposite the mouth of this tributary lies an island, on which stands the village of Muiganga. On the left bank of the river M. Gaillard established a post, the position of the site being 1° 36′ N. lat., and 15° 34′ 39′′ E. long. He then ascended the N'Goko to its confluence with the Bumba, in 2° 3′ N. lat. Here the river turns to the southwest, and at 1° 58′ N. lat. its bed became so rocky that it was dangerous to advance further by boat. M. Fourneau followed the left bank of the N'Goko for a considerable distance, and then, turning more to the north-east, regained the Sanga, or Massa, as it is there called, at its junction with the Madomba. On the same day, M. Fourneau was joined by M. Gaillard, who had steamed down the N'Goko and up the Sanga. The travellers then proceeded northwards-the one by boat, the other on the left bank of the river-to the junction of the Likela, or Ekela, and the Massieba, which together form the Sanga. The steamboat Le Ballay was unable to advance far along these rivers, their beds being choked with banks of pebbles. The furthest points attained were 3° 42′ N. lat. on the Likela, and 3° 31' on the Massieba. M. Fourneau continued on his way northwards for two or three weeks, until May 10, when he was attacked in the night by the natives. Having burned his baggage, he retreated to the Likele, where he seized some native boats and, still harassed by the natives, descended that river and the Sanga until he fell in with the Ballay.-Bull. du Comité de l'Afrique Française, No. 10, and Mouvement Géogr. No. 19. AMERICA. Census of Canada.—The results of this Census are published in Bulletin No. 1. While waiting for the return of the enumerators, who traversed the country and maritime districts by all known methods of locomotion, the officials of the Department of Agriculture prepared for publication the returns of the cities, towns, and villages, dividing them into the three following groups :-(a) Cities and towns with a population of 5000 and upwards; (b) Of 3000 to 5000; (c) Of 1500 to 3000. The results of the Census and a comparison with those of 1881 are these:1st. The urban population of Canada is now 1,394,259—an increase of 384,146 souls, equal to an increase of 38.1 per cent. 2d. The several groups show the following increases: Cities and towns over 5000 inhabitants, 40.8 per cent. 3d. In 1891 there were 47 cities with a population of over 5000 as against 35 in 1881-an increase of 12 in number. 4th. In 1891 there were 45 towns with a population from 3000 to 5000-an increase of 7 over 1881. 5th. In 1891 there were 91 villages with a population from 1500 to 3000, and in 1881 these numbered 55-an increase of 36. As regards the growth of individual towns, the tables show that Winnipeg has increased 221.1 per cent.; New Westminster, 3429; Toronto, 88'4; while the city of Vancouver, which did not exist in 1881, has now a population of 13,685. The present population of the three largest towns is :-Montreal, 216,650; Toronto, 181,220; and Quebec, 63,900. The population of the provinces and the increase during the past ten years are shown in the following table : The Callao Painter.-The Pintor or Aguaje is a singular phenomenon observed in the Bay of Callao during the summer months, from December to April. It consists of emanations of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, accompanied by changes in the colour of the sea-water. The name “Painter” was given it because it gives white paint a blackish tinge. Its occurrence is not confined to Callao, but is observed at various points along the coast from Payta (S. lat. 5° 5′ 30′′) to Pisco (S. lat. 13° 42′ 42′′) and at Pacasmayo (S. lat. 7° 24′ 30′′). The gas proceeds from the black mud which covers the bottom of the bay, and the reddish discoloration of the water is due to the presence of Infusoria brought in from the open sea. It is not, however, definitely decided why the phenomenon occurs only in the summer and at certain points of the coast. According to Raimondi, the waters of the Rimac are prevented from escaping from the Bay of Callao by the Humboldt current, which flows past the entrance, and, with the solid matter held in suspension, are exposed to the full force of a tropical sun. Where there is no river, or no current running along the coast, the " Painter " is not observed.-Bull. of American Geogr. Soc. vol. xxiii, No. 3. The Volcano Ollagua in Chili,-Herr Hans Berger has described this mountain, which he ascended during the construction of a railway to Huanchaca in Bolivia, in Petermann's Mitt. Bd. xxxvii. No. 10. It lies in 21° 20′ S. lat. and 68° 10′ W. long., and is one of the determining points of the new boundary between Chili and Bolivia. Its height, ascertained by a trustworthy theodolite, is 19,200 feet, and the crater lies 1160 feet below the highest point. The mountain rises suddenly from the surrounding pampas, an isolated mass without any large spurs. The pampas lie at an altitude of 12,140 feet above the sea-level, so that the relative height of the mountain is about 7060 feet. Formerly there were other craters besides the one now active. Of these the most important is the so-called Porunna, a pyramidal summit lying six miles to the west of the active crater and rising 1150 feet above the plain. It rests on a base 3900 feet in diameter, and its upper surface, a basin 65 feet deep, measures about 2600 feet across. Though standing in the midst of barren country, the slopes of Ollagua are covered with grass as high as a man, and a few stunted firs rise to double that height. Several kinds of cactus, common on the Bolivian plateau, also occur. The fauna consists only of a few mice, viscachas, beetles, and other insects. At a height of 1700 feet Herr Berger found ice and snow, but in no great quantities owing to the small rainfall of this region. The crater does not consist of the usual funnel, but of a number of small clefts in the steep rocky ground. Sulphur, both in vapour and in a liquid form, is emitted, but of lava Herr Berger could find no trace. Paraguay.—The Mitt. des K. K. Geogr. Gesell. in Wien, Bd. xxxiv. Nos. 9 and 19, contains an account of this country by Lieutenant W. Kreuth. The republic lies between the parallels of 27° 30′ and 21° S. lat., and between the meridians of 55° and 61° W. long. The northern portion, between 20° and 21° S. lat., consisting of the most northern part of the Chaco, is still a subject of dispute with Bolivia. The area of this is about 61,700 square miles, and of the remainder of the republic 56,700 square miles, the whole being rather greater in extent than Austria. The eastern part consists of an undulating plain, intersected from north to south by a central chain, in general not exceeding 1000 feet in height, but culminating here and there in summits 1600 feet high. From this central chain several ranges of small hills run towards the east and west. Round broad ridges and summits, gentle sloping hollows, and flat saddles are generally met with, and the Cerro de las Naranjas in the Cordillera d'Assuncion is the only hill which presents a rocky surface. Two-thirds of the whole country is covered with forest. The Paraguay River, on which the chief settlements stand, and which is of the greatest importance as a commercial highway, rises in Matto Grosso in lat. 14° 15" S. and long. 56° 9′ 51′′ W. It flows out of a small pool near As sete Lagoas at an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level, and during a course of about 1050 miles falls only 750 feet. Of the tributaries lying in Paraguayan territory, the Jejuy, near the mouth of which stands the town of San Pedro, and the Ipané, which joins the main stream below Concepcion, are navigable. The capital, Assuncion (population 20,000), is connected with Villa Rica by a railway 80 miles long; thrice a week a steamboat runs to Buenos Ayres, and once a week boats run to Concepcion and to Ituzaingó on the Paraná. Once a month a Brazilian steamer calls on its way to Corumba and Cuyabá. The population of the Republic was, in 1870, barely 300,000, women largely preponderating. The native Paraguayans are small, weakly men, very lazy and listless as a rule, though brave and energetic when once roused. Most of them can speak Spanish, but among themselves they converse in their native tongue, Quarani. About 50,000 tons of goods are exported yearly, the chief articles of export being maté, oranges, timber, and tobacco. About 750,000 cattle are kept, and the immigrants cultivate bananas, maize, manioc, sugar-cane, cotton, etc. S. Bernardino is the most flourishing colony; it is peopled by Brazilians and Prussians, who together number about 500. The climate is healthy, the range of temperature being small. AUSTRALASIA. Lord Kintore's Overland Journey.-The Northern Territory of South Australia extends northwards to the 26th parallel of S. lat., and contains an area of about 523,620 square miles. This vast country is remarkably rich in minerals—gold, silver, tin, copper, and lead. The peninsula of Arnhem Land will doubtless become one of the great mining centres of Australia. Equally favourable are the agricultural capabilities of the territory. Nearly all kinds of tropical fruits and vegetables thrive well successful trials have been made in the cultivation of arrowroot, cotton, and maize, and there is abundant provender for cattle. Hitherto, however, the development of the resources of the country, both mineral and vegetable, has made but little progress, owing to the scarcity of population and the absence of sufficient means of transit. Of the railway by which it was intended to connect Port Darwin with Adelaide only 850 miles have been constructed. From Adelaide a line 700 miles in length extends northwards to Oonadatta, and another section runs from Port Darwin to Pine Creek, a distance of 150 miles, leaving an interval of 1200 miles. There are few men living who have crossed the Australian continent from north to south, and no Governor of South Australia had ever visited the Northern Territory until last spring, when Lord Kintore set out to ascertain by personal observation and inquiry the hindrances to the development of the country and the measures necessary for their removal. Landing at Port Darwin on March 31, he reached Oonadatta on May 20, having traversed the 1200 miles between the railway termini in thirtyseven days. A few days after his return the Governor furnished his Ministers with a memorandum, in which his impressions and conclusions were summarised. He considers that the cultivation of tropical plants must be confined to the river valleys. On the Adelaide River are thousands of acres admirably adapted for this purpose, but much of the Hinterland, stretching in the direction of the Daly, is almost useless for agriculture or grazing. On the other hand, it abounds in mineral wealth, which has hitherto received little attention, though its existence has been well known for some time. This neglect is, in Lord Kintore's opinion, due to the fact that European labour is too expensive to be profitable, especially as white men cannot do a fair day's work in the hot climate of the Northern Territory. Agriculture also depends for success on an adequate supply of cheap labour. To meet this demand Lord Kintore looks to the Indian coolie or other Asiatic labour, and, while approving of the regulations in force for the exclusion of Chinese from the more temperate parts of the continent, considers this people almost necessary for the prosperity of its tropical countries. The grazing industry suffers from scarcity of water and the want of accessible markets. The news that a contract has been made for the building of a cattle steamboat has caused great satisfaction in Palmerston. The trans-continental railway is of the greatest importance, and the Governor suggests that in this case promoters should be induced to complete the work by an offer of grants of land. He also suggests that the dividing-line between S. Australia and its Northern Territory should be moved to the 20th or 21st parallel, whereby the former would gain a considerable extent of valuable land without detriment to the Northern Territory, the resources of which ought to be employed in the development of its more accessible portions.-The Times, Sept. 5. Census of the Australasian Colonies.-The following figures relating to the population were obtained by the Census of 1891 :— |