form, and so form one confirmation of the statement on one of the crosses that they are all from the hand of Gaut, the son of Biarn, of Cooiley, the faithful friend of Brideson, a smith, the son of Keigeen. The distinction

The walls of St. Trinian's are made up of fragments of a more magnificent building. To what the earlier building belonged or what service it fulfilled is not known; its existence has not hitherto been asserted, but it grew up under an influence that produced other similarly decorated buildings in Man. Remnants of this influence may be seen in the churches of Marown, Braddan, Maughold, and Bride, and the period of their erection can be placed in the earlier part of the twelfth century. No part of Lonan has been built under this influence.

The eastern portion of the church must be classed in the group of Treen churches. The Treen of Raby, on which the church stands, has no other church site, and on the remaining thirteen Treens of Lonan parish the Vicar of Lonan has ascertained the sites of the churches of them all.

One other Treen chapel, at least, continues in use for parochial purposes, that of St. Mary of Ballure; but it is not now possible to ascertain how much, if any, of the original building

KIRK LONAN, THE ROAD CROSS.

of Gaut's work is this strong feeling for right structure, expressed chiefly in the form of a knot, which can only be described as the form in which the feeling shaped itself; it is not an imitation of any actual knot, nor is it the casual repetition of forms used in work of other men.

This impulsive kind of work disappeared in the middle of the thirteenth century, and there appeared in its place that entirely perfect comprehension of structure that was developed in medieval building. At the time of this change three buildings were being raised in Man, which remain unaltered in any part. These are the church of St. German, the Douglas nunnery, and the church of St. Trinian of the Barony of Whithorn. The walls of Lonan are sufficiently noble to be seriously considered in comparison with those of the three buildings mentioned, and it is thereby possible to say that the western half is of a time earlier than they, and about the beginning of the thirteenth century.

KIRK LONAN, THE GLENROY CROSS.

remains. Two others remain in such sub stantial integrity as to afford material for consideration of the chapels as a class. Lonan may stand as their fair type, better built, in the form of its windows elaborate,

somewhat longer than most of them, but without a doubt one of them.

Interesting features in the church are: in the west wall, between the plinth and the west window, a square opening crossed by a lintel, but built up; it is lower than the level of the floor of the church. Above it, and on either side, two stones project about nine inches from the wall. At service the men sit on the south and the women on the north side, a practice elsewhere in Man abandoned about fifty years ago, but here continued.

The Congress of Archæological Societies.

HE ninth congress of Archæological Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries was held at Burlington House on December 1, under the able and genial presidency of Viscount Dillon.

The attendance was thoroughly representative, and included delegates from the Society of Antiquaries, the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, the Cambrian Association, the Royal Archæological Institute, the British Archæological Association, the Folk-Lore Society, the Huguenot Society, and the British Record Society, and from the respective societies of the following counties: Berks, Bristol and Gloucestershire, Bucks, Cumberland and Westmorland, Derbyshire, Essex, Hampshire, Kent, Lancashire and Cheshire, Leicestershire, London and Middlesex, Maidenhead and Thames Valley, Norfolk, Oxfordshire, St. Albans, Surrey, Sussex, Thoroton (Notts), Wilts, Woolhope Field Club (Hereford), East Riding Yorkshire, and Yorkshire. A few other gentlemen were present on special invitation, the most notable being Mr. Lionel Cust, F.S.A., Director of the National Portrait Gallery.

The President made a feeling allusion to the great loss they had all sustained by the death of Sir A. Wollaston Franks, out of respect to whose memory the congress had been deferred from its usual date in the summer. Mr. Ralph Nevill, F.S.A., the assi

duous and painstaking hon. secretary of this archæological union, gave a clear statement of the work accomplished, begun, or projected during the year, and stated that the recent addition of three societies to the roll brought up the total membership to thirtynine. The statement of accounts, audited by Mr. William Minet, F.S.A., was accepted as satisfactory.

The standing committee was re-elected, with three additions, and may now be taken to be a thoroughly representative and reliable body of antiquaries. The committee consists of the officers of the Society of Antiquaries, Earl Percy, Sir John Evans, Chancellor Ferguson, Revs. Dr. Cox, P. H. Ditchfield, and Rupert Morris, and Messrs. J. R. Allen, E. W. Brabrook, G. E. Fox, G. L. Gomme, Emanuel Green, R. A. S. Macalister, W. Minet, G. Payne, and J. W. Bund.

The Hon. Secretary reported that the committee had authorized the completion of Mr. Gomme's Index of Archæological Papers from 1682, with a view to immediate publication. This index will be invaluable to working archæologists, and those who desire a copy should put themselves at once in communication with Mr. Ralph Nevill, 13, Addison Crescent, Kensington, W. The price to subscribers will be 15s.

Mr. Hope, on behalf of the committee appointed to consider the question of drawing up a catalogue of effigies, presented a preliminary list of effigies in the parish churches of England, arranged in counties. This list had been prepared by Mr. W. H. Richardson, F.S.A., who acts as antiquarian editor for the whole of Kelly's Post-office Directories. This reminds us to suggest that Mr. Richardson should carefully revise the church dedications throughout these directories; they are frequently faulty, and might with advantage be amended by reference to Bacon's Liber Regis, as that work is almost invariably right. A long and valuable discussion took place with regard to this catalogue. Mr. Richardson's rough list included effigies up to the present day. Dr. Cox proposed, and it was eventu. ally carried, that the lists should include effigies of all dates, as well as busts and portrait medallions. A further proposition was made to include figures on incised slabs, but this was rejected, as it was thought that a

Chan

complete catalogue of all kinds of incised slabs might be taken up at some future date. This is highly necessary, for Cutts' Manual on this subject is now of little use. cellor Ferguson hoped that notes would be given of the original position of effigies so far as it could be ascertained. He gave instances of the extraordinary removal of certain effigies in the North of England from one church to another. Almost every ecclesiologist is acquainted with instances in which churchwarden-meddling and disastrous modern restorations have brought about the shifting of effigies, the destruction of the altar tombs on which they used to lie, and their not infrequent ejection into the churchyard. Dr. Cox cited, as a modern instance, the frequent migrations of Chantrey's beautiful statue of the assassinated premier, Mr. Percival. Originally placed in All Saints' Church, Northampton, after several removals it now rests in the new Guildhall of that town. The committee appointed to complete this somewhat arduous undertaking consists of Lord Dillon, and Messrs. Hartshorne, Hope, Richardson, Stephenson, and Walker.

A somewhat desultory conversation then ensued on the question of adding to Mr. Gomme's Annual Index of Archæological Transactions references to antiquarian subjects in ordinary magazines and journals. The general opinion of the congress seemed to be against such a proposal, on the score of expense and difficulty of selection. Eventually it was referred to the standing committee for their decision.

Mr. Shore, of the Hampshire Field Club, moved that the Government be requested to undertake a survey of early earthworks, in conjunction with experts from the local antiquarian societies. His proposition was seconded by Mr. Rutland, but received little support in the way it was originally drafted. Eventually, on the motion of Sir John Evans, it was resolved to send a memorandum to the various local archæological societies, suggesting the desirability of placing themselves in communication with the Ordnance Survey officers for their districts, so as to ensure greater accuracy.

The secretary of the Society of Antiquaries (Mr. C. Hercules Read) made a full and interesting statement as to the steps that had

been taken by the Government, at the request of the last congress, for information as to the action of foreign countries in the protection of their respective ancient and historical monuments. Full information had been obtained and would be published in a Blue Book at the opening of Parliament. It will then appear, as stated by Mr. Read, that England is far behind every other civilized nation (save Russia) in the care it takes of its ancient remains.

The exceedingly practical subject of the systematic cataloguing of Provincial Museums was brought forward in an able speech by Mr. G. L. Gomme. A copy of the recentlyissued illustrated catalogue of the museum of the Wiltshire Archæological Society at Devizes was laid on the table by Rev. E. H. Goddard, and met with general approval. The question was admitted to be one of considerable importance, and after general discussion resulted in the appointment of a committee to draw up recommendations. The committee, with power to add to their number, consists of: Sir John Evans, Revs. Dr. Cox, E. H. Goddard, and Messrs. Gomme, Hope, and Read.

The chief topic at the afternoon session was a national portrait catalogue. Mr. Lionel Cust produced some admirable books and sheets of forms that he had had printed to ensure the accurate and technical description of portraits. It was resolved to suggest to the societies to circulate these forms, and to do their best to eventually procure full catalogues from each county. The subcommittee on this subject was reappointed, with instructions to press forward in this interesting work. The members are: Lord Dillon, Sir Charles Robinson, and Messrs. Cust, O'Donoghue, Gomme, and Nevill.

Mr. Hope read a valuable draft report on the best mode of indexing the Transactions of societies. In preparing the twenty suggestions into which the report was divided, he had received the assistance of Messrs. Gomme and Round. All the suggestions seemed to meet with fairly general approval, and perhaps the best of the number was the abolition of troublesome separate indexes, in favour of a single one of a comprehensive character. It matters, however, comparatively little what the scheme is, provided it is

generally adopted. If all our archæological societies will only index upon one uniform plan, it will prove an enormous boon to readers; and when such a system is adopted by the societies, it will speedily be followed by independent writers on historic and archæological subjects. The report was referred back to the same committee for slight revision, and will shortly be issued.

The hon. sec. reported that a National Photographic Record Association had been

proposing the health of the chairman, thought there was a fitness of things in having a parson in the chair, because he must feel at home in presiding over Thirtynine Articles, that being the precise number of the societies now in union!

Archæological News.

Stone, M.P. Its objects and methods were lucidly and briefly explained by Mr. Scanmell, who is acting as hon. sec. of the new association. The congress recognised its value, and passed a resolution of co-operation.

The debate proved of such sustained interest and length that no time remained for listening to two promised papers, one by Mr. George Payne, on "How to Preserve Antiquities," "*and the other by Mr. St. John Hope on How to Excavate.'

There is not the least doubt that this was not only the most successful of these nine annual congresses, but that it abundantly proved the value and influence of such a union. Already the congress finds itself recognised by the Government, who have been glad, in at all events one direction, to follow its initiative and suggestion. It has secured the hearty co-operation of the Director of the National Portrait Gallery in its endeavour to secure a national portrait catalogue, and it is doing invaluable work in the direction of securing general principles in the indexing of literature, and the arrangement and cataloguing of museums.

In the evening the congress dinner was held at the Holborn Restaurant, when Rev. Dr. Cox took the chair, in the absence through indisposition of Sir John Evans, Mr. Braybrook, C.B., being in the vicechair. We conclude that this honour was done to Dr. Cox as the originator of these now most useful and firmly established congresses. A pleasant evening was spent by the antiquaries, all the pleasanter from the fewness of the toasts and the brevity of the speeches. One jest shall be immortalized in these columns. The vice-chairman, in • Mr. Payne has sent us his paper, which we hope to print in an early number of the Antiquary.

for insertion under this heading.]

THE RHIND LECTURES, 1897.

In the Antiquary for December we gave an account of the two first of the Rhind lectures, borrowed from the report in the Scotsman. From the same source we take the account of the succeeding lectures of the series.

The third of the series of Rhind lectures was delivered on November 12 in the lecture-hall of the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh, by Dr. James Macdonald. The lecturer observed that the Roman occupation of North, as distinguished from that of South, Britain was a purely military one, and prefaced the archæological evidence, to which he now passed on, by a short account of the means the Romans took to shelter their soldiers when in an enemy's country, and to protect their frontiers from attack. This was followed by a brief sketch of the organization of the Roman army under the Empire. In North Britain the most important Roman field-work was the Pius Vallum on the Forth and Clyde isthmus. Recent excavations by the Glasgow Archæological Society had revealed to us the structure of its different parts, which was imperfectly known before. It consisted of a military way; a wall, built to a large extent, at least, of sods, prepared and laid by the hand; a ditch of the V-shaped type; and, what was appropriately called in the Glasgow report, the outer mound. Each of these was described in succession, attention being specially called to the systematic layering, the stone base, the culverts, and the expansions of the turf wall, as these had now been brought to light. After discussing its probable length and the number of occupation camps or stations usually assigned to the vallum, the lecturer noticed the more important antiquities found at or near them These were, for the most part, distance slabs and altars dedicated to various deities. In conclusion, Dr Macdonald stated various problems that were sug gested by the structure and position of this ancien barrier. The lecture was illustrated throughout by limelight views.

The fourth lecture was delivered on November 15. Continuing the archæological evidence of a Roman occupation of North Britain, Dr. Macdonald dealt with those rectilineal entrenchments classed by the older writers as Roman stations. Apart from the forts of the Pius Vallum, there were at present only seven such localities that could be shown by the remains of antiquity found within or near them to be the sites of Roman permanent examples. These were

Birrens, in the south-east of Dumfriesshire; Cappuck, near Jedburgh; Newstead, near Melrose; Cramond and Inveresk, both on the Firth of Forth; Camelon, west of Falkirk; and Ardoch, north of Dunblane. Birrens had lately been thoroughly excavated by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland with fruitful results. Below the grassy sward there had long lain concealed the foundations of a military station planned with the utmost precision. The number and extent of the several buildings were ascertained almost to completeness. Several altars, most of the fragments of a large tablet bearing the date A. D. 158, a large quantity of Roman pottery, and many small objects were dug up. After describing the Roman antiquities discovered at Cappuck, Newstead, Inveresk, Cramond, and Camelon, the lecturer proceeded to give a short account of recent excavations by the Society of Antiquaries at Ardoch, the north-east quarter of which was examined. In the course of the operations a number of holes, as if for posts, and of small trenches, as if for planks or sleepers, were observed at a considerable distance below the surface. Some of them were almost empty, others were partially filled with a black dust that readily ignited when dried. Following up the clue thus obtained, those in charge ascertained the former existence of wooden buildings resting on these posts and planks, one of which, from its situation, must have been the prætorium. There were also met with specimens of pottery, and other objects characteristic of Roman stations, including small pieces of two inscribed tablets. The lecturer next briefly discussed the claims of five other forts classed as Roman stations by General Roy-Strageth, north-west of Ardoch; Castle Dykes, near Carstairs; Bertha, at the junction of the Almond and the Tay; and Burghead, on the Moray Firth. Among the stations of other writers, he referred particularly to Raeburnfoot, in the north-east of Dumfriesshire, first set down as Roman by the parish minister in 1810. Excavations there within the past fortnight by the Dumfriesshire Antiquarian Society had resulted in the finding of pieces of coarse pottery and some other indications of a Roman occupation. The lecturer, from personal knowledge of its form and situation, and his confidence in the judgment of Mr. James Barbour, Dumfries, under whom the excavations had been made, was quite ready to accept the conclusion arrived at. But, if we might judge from what was observed, Raeburnfoot could hardly have been a station. It was more probably a camp, held for a short time in summer by an exploratory or punitive expedition that had marched thus far from some garrison on or near the Hadrian barrier. Summing up, the lecturer said he thought it proved that in the eastern lowlands of Scotland, from the Border as far, at least, as the lower valleys of the Forth and Clyde, there were certain Roman camps of occupation, generally some distance apart, which were evidence that the Romans had for a time more than a passing hold of this part of the country.

The fifth lecture was delivered on November 17. Having in his last lecture disposed of the entrenchments that have been called stations, Dr. Macdonald now passed on to those of a less permanent kind that are more properly named camps. Roy was the only antiquary possessing a practical knowledge of military engineering who had described these field-works, and

his plates might be taken as accurate. The mistakes into which he fell were the outcome of his environment, rather than errors of judgment. On matters beyond the limits of his professional studies, he was too modest to differ from those whom he deemed better qualified than himself to form a correct opinion. In consequence, his plates and the little he tells us in explanation of them are of more value than the rest of his work. Before taking up the temporary camps, the lecturer referred to certain redoubts or minor forts as being a connecting-link between them and the stations. The older writers gave that name to a large number of small enclosures, some of them certainly not Roman, if even forts. But seven might be regarded as good examples of the class: Rispain, near Whithorn, and Castle Grey in Mid-Lothian, both of which were un known to Roy; Castle Dykes, near Carstairs, set down by him as a station; Kemp's Castle, Keir, and the redoubt attached to the east rampart of the great camp at Ardoch, all three of which were in the same neighbourhood; and Fortingal, in a bend of the river Lyon, near its junction with the Tay. Only one of these (Castle Grey) has been excavated, and, till the others had been properly examined, nothing very definite could be said as to their origin. The Roy temporary camps, twenty in all, subdivided into two kinds, the smaller and the larger, might be arranged in two groups. The first group, of which there were fifteen, had certain characteristics in common — a single strong rampart and a ditch, with an average of three or four gates, each defended by a mound and ditch in front called a traverse; the second group numbered five, three of which seemed closely related to the first group. The fifteen were: Toroford, on the Kale water, at the foot of the Cheviots; Channelkirk, in the north-west of Berwickshire; Torwoodmoor, west of Lockerbie; Cleghorn, west of Carstairs; the greater and smaller camps at Ardoch; Grassy Walls, above the junction of the Almond and the Tay; Lintrose, Battle Dykes, Kirkbuddo, and Keithie, above Dykes, all in Strathmore (the discoveries of Melville); Rae Dykes, very near Stonehaven; and Glenmailen or Ki Dykes, in Auchterless, Aberdeenshire. To these the lecturer was disposed to add Gilnockie, in the parish of Canonbie, Dumfriesshire. The five camps of the second group were: Dealgin Ross, near Comrie; two on Birrenswark Hill, near Ecclefechan ; the Ardoch "Procestrium "; and Inchstuthil, on the Tay. After a brief notice of these enclosures, the lecturer asked the question, "Were they all, or any of them, Roman?" No properly conducted excavations having as yet been made in any of them, considerations of situation, form, and other external appearances were all that could be relied on to supply an answer. discussing the conclusion to which these appeared to point, in the case of the majority at least, Dr. Macdonald favoured the supposition that if Roman, they belonged to the period when the preponderance of auxiliaries in the Roman army led to a change in the form of encampment from the square to the oblong. Stress was also laid on the gate defences, the traverse being compared with the titulum of Hyginus and the clavicula-like arrangement at Dealgin Ross, with the inner bend of the rampart-such is now the position assigned to it-to which Hyginus gives that name. In the same connection he called attention to the de

In