under Captain Laudonnière," built a second Fort Caroline, on the St. John's River, farther south. Among them were many lawless spirits, who, in defiance of their commander, seized the ships and set off on a plundering cruise among the Spanish West Indies. The Spaniards, who claimed the whole North American continent, and especially Florida, owing to Ponce de Leon's discovery ($39), were made still more angry at the French intrusion by these piracies.

46. Pedro Menendez, in 1565, with nearly 3,000 Spaniards, selected a site for St. Augustine, which still exists as

the oldest town in the United States. Ribault, who had just come from France, no sooner heard of their arrival than he sailed with a squadron to attack the Spaniards; but Menendez at the same time marched overland to the French fort and murdered all its occupants. As France and Spain were at peace, he excused the act by an inscription which he nailed to a tree: "Not as French, but as heretics."

When the news of this massacre reached France, the king took no notice of it; but a private gentleman, Dominique de Gourgues, resolved upon vengeance. Selling all his lands,

A. D. 1568.

he spent the avails in ships, and with 150 men sailed to Florida. Aided by the Indians, who had learned to dread and hate the Spaniards, he took and demolished Fort Caroline and two other forts at the mouth of the river, hanged all the men who were not killed in fighting, and wrote over their heads this inscription: "Not as Spaniards, but as traitors, robbers, and murderers."

47. The French in Canada. -Frenchmen were more successful in gaining and keeping a foothold near the St. Lawrence. Samuel de Champlain 12 was the "Father of New France." In 1608 he laid the foundations of Quebec. The next summer he joined a war-party of Algonquins ($23), explored with them the beautiful lake which bears

his name, and gave them a victory over the Iroquois by means of fire-arms, which those astonished warriors had never seen nor heard before. Champlain was followed by missionaries, who were the first to discover the salt-springs of Onondaga and the beautiful lakes of central New York. Several of these good men suffered brutal tortures and death from the savages whom they had come to convert.

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48. Spaniards in the South-west.-Not only St. Augustine, but Santa Fé,13 the next oldest town in the United States, owes its origin to the Spaniards. Antonio de Espejo, starting in 1582 from northern Mexico, explored the upper course of the Rio Grande. He found the people well clothed in cotton and leather, living in houses four stories high, strongly built of stone and lime and with fire-places for winter use. In consequence of Espejo's discovery of rich veins of silver, colonies were sent in 1595 to New Mexico, and a town was built near Santa Fé. Late in the following century, Jesuit Fathers established missions in Arizona and California. All the "Mission Indians" were supplied with food and clothing, the former of which they were gradually taught to produce from their fields. Wine, grains, flax, hemp, and wool were among the exports from the Missions; and but for occasional brief relapses into their old wild manners, the people kept for nearly a hundred years the aspect of civilized communities. Then the Fathers left them, and they soon went back into barbarism.

Trace on Map No. I the several routes of Columbus. Of Cabot, Cabral, and Magellan. On Map No. 2 the routes of Ponce de Leon, Balboa, De Ayllon, Narvaez, De Soto, Coronado, Verrazzano, Cartier, Champlain, Espejo. Point out the sites of the two French settlements on the Atlantic coast. St. Augustine.

Read Irving's "Life of Columbus" and " Companions of Columbus;" Hakluyt's "Voyages; " Major's Life of Prince Henry the Navigator;" Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World" and "Jesuits in North America."