QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.-PART V. Section I. 2. With what views and expectations did the North and the South go to war? Describe the beginning of hostilities. 487, 488 489 6. 5. What preparations were made on both sides? What changes occurred in Virginia? 491 492 12. Sketch the campaign in which forts Henry and 502-504 13. Describe the battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Land ing. 505-507 14. What occurred meanwhile on the Mississippi and 508 17. 18. 15. What was the Confederate plan for the autumn of 1862 ? 16. Describe the campaign in Kentucky. What was done on the lower Mississippi? Describe the doings of the Merrimac and the first 509 510-513 514, 515 Monitor. 516-519 19. What was done in 1862 by the Army of the Po- 23. What changes and disasters to the Army of the Potomac, January to May, 1863 ? U.S. H.-21. 529-531 532 (321) General Morgan's movement north of the Ohio. 27. The objects, scenes, and events of the Chattanooga campaign. Section 24. Describe Lee's second invasion of the North. 533-535 25. The siege and surrender of Vicksburg and Port 26. 536-539 540 541-547 549-554 555-559 559, 560 31. 32. 562, 563 564-568 569-571 28. Grant's campaign in the Wilderness. 29. Sherman's movements in Georgia. 30. What three cities were besieged by the U. S. Navy? What was done by Sherman in the Carolinas? Describe the surrender of Richmond, of Lee's army, and of the Confederate president. 33. The second inauguration and the death of Lincoln. 34. Sum up the effects of the Civil War at home and ) 574-582, 587, abroad. 35. What scientific improvements were of use during the war? 36. What was done by the Sanitary and Christian Commissions? 584 585, 586 PART VI. THE UNION RESTORED. CHAPTER XLII. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1865-1869. 589. An important question had now to be settled. Were the lately seceded states out of the Union or in it? The President' held that they had never been out; a majority in Congress, though denying the privilege of secession, insisted that they had forfeited their state rights and must be dealt with as territories. The difference of policy between Congress and the President grew wider, and three important laws were passed over his veto. One established a Freedmen's Bureau to protect and provide for the lately emancipated slaves; a second guaranteed their civil rights; a third made it illegal for the President to remove any civil officer without the consent of the Senate. Andrew Johnson. 590. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.-The last, -called the "Tenure of Office Bill," was infringed by the President's dismissal of Edwin M. Stanton,2 Secretary of March, 1868. War. Thereupon the House of Representatives impeached Andrew Johnson before the bar of the Senate, Chief-justice Salmon P. Chase3 presiding. The trial lasted more than two months. The President was acquitted, as one vote was lacking of the two thirds required for his condemnation. 591. The work of Reconstruction went on. The principle of the Civil Rights Bill was embodied in a Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was promptly accepted by Tennessee, and ultimately by the other states. In time all the new state governments annulled the ordinances of secession, repudiated the Confederate war-debts, and were admitted to representation in Congress. One source of bitterness remained. Candidates for office were required to take the "iron-clad oath,” as it was called, declaring that they had no part in the war for secession. Few of the intelligent class in the South could take this oath, though many frankly accepted the results of the war, and were ready in good faith to resume their allegiance to the United States. The consequence was that public offices often fell into the hands of Northern immigrants and freed negroes. 592. Submarine Telegraph.-The year 1866 was sig nalized by the successful completion of a submarine telegraph connecting Europe and America. The hero of the enterprise was Mr. Cyrus W. Field, of New York, who, during twelve years of costly experiments, never lost heart, even under disastrous failure; but, crossing the ocean fifty times, succeeded in imparting his own courage to English and American capitalists. The first transatlantic cable was laid in 1858 from Heart's Content, in Newfoundland, to Valencia Bay, in Ireland. It transmitted four hundred messages, but ceased to work within a month. 593. Many ridiculed the idea of renewing the attempt, but Mr. Field soon formed a new company with a capital Great Eastern began to lay it on the ocean bed. Half her task was completed, when the cable broke and was lost beneath the waves. A new company was promptly formed, a new cable made, and in the following summer the two hemispheres were connected by lines of instant communication. Repairing to the scene of her former failure, the Great Eastern picked up the lost cable, joined the severed strands, and successfully laid it. Afterwards a cable was laid from Brest, in France, to Duxbury, in Massachusetts. 594. The purchase of all Russian America for $7,200,000, in 1867, greatly enlarged the territory of the United States. From its south-western peninsula, the whole country is called Alaska. Sitka, its chief town, is said to be the rainiest settlement on the globe. The wealth of the |