י

vert, the first Lord Baltimore, obtained from Charles I., in 1629, a grant of lands north of the Potomac, where all persons, but especially members like himself of the Catholic Church, might enjoy freedom of worship. The country was called Maryland in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria; and the first settlement, near the mouth of the Potomac, received the name of St. Mary's.

A. D. 1634.

71. Lord Baltimore died before he could revisit America, and the charter was "published and confirmed" in the

name of his son, Cecil Calvert, who for forty-three years watched over the prosperity of Maryland. Virginia did not willingly submit to the dismemberment of her territory. William Clayborne, formerly her secretary of state, had occupied the Isle of Kent, in the Chesapeake, with a trading settlement. He considered himself as within the limits of Virginia, and made armed resistance to Lord Baltimore's demand

for his allegiance. Three Virginians and one Marylander were killed in battle. Clayborne was sent to England to be tried for treason, but was acquitted, though the right of Maryland to Kent Island was confirmed.

72. Clayborne's Rebellion.-Some years later Clayborne returned and raised another insurrection in the district which he had once governed. Gov. Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, was forced to retire, but he soon reappeared with superior numbers and put an end to "Clayborne's Rebellion."

73. The Calverts.-The liberal charter granted by Lord Baltimore drew crowds of settlers to the banks of the Potomac. Puritans expelled from Virginia, prelatists from Massachusetts, and refugees from all parts of Europe lived together on equal terms. We regret to record that one party of Protestants made an ungenerous use of their privileges. Resisting both the policy and the rights of the Calverts, they succeeded in banishing all Catholics from the Assembly. Many years of tumult followed. In 1691 the proprietary charter was revoked, and for twenty-four years Maryland was a royal province. In 1715 the Calvert family regained their lands, which they continued to govern until the Revolution.

Point out on Map No. 3, Richmond. Williamsburg. St. Mary's. The Isle of Kent.

NOTES.

1. Pocahontas was born about the year 1595. The long accepted story, that she saved the life of Capt. John Smith by interposing her body between him and the war-clubs of the savages who were about to beat him to death, is now discredited. This was one of Smith's wonderful stories in his "General History." That she was much attached to Capt. Smith there is no doubt, for in 1609 she made a long and fatiguing journey by night through the forest to inform him of a plot by her father to murder him. Her marriage with Rolfe, at Jamestown, in 1613, secured many years of peace between the colonists and the Indians. Professing Christianity, she was baptized as "Lady Rebecca." In 1616 she accompanied her husband to England, and was duly presented at court. She was regarded with great interest and curiosity. Pocahontas died in March, 1617, Leaving one son, Thomas Rolfe, who in later years removed to Virginia.

2. Sir William Berkeley was appointed Governor of Virginia in 1641, and arrived at Jamestown early in 1642. Being a royalist, he was removed from power by Cromwell in 1651; but, after the Restoration, he again became governor, which position he held until 1677. Berkeley demanded strict loyalty to the civil powers, and conformity to the Established Church. He "thanked God there are no free schools, nor printing, in his colony," and "hoped there would not be for a hundred years; for learning has brought disobedience into the world, and printing has divulged them and libels against the best governments." His leniency towards the Indians, who had been committing all sorts of barbarities, and his severity with Bacon and others, who opposed his Indian policy, have led many to believe that Governor Berkeley was in collusion with the savages. Being relieved from office by Sir Herbert Jeffreys in 1677, he returned to England under a sense of disgrace, and died in a few weeks after his arrival. (See Note 4.)

3. Nathaniel Bacon and Governor Berkeley had many bitter personal conflicts, and Bacon was usually more than a match for the governor. At the head of 200 or 300 followers he marched into Jamestown, halted in front of the state-house, where the assembly was in session, and de

manded to see the governor. Berkeley came out, white with rage, and fearlessly went between the lines of soldiers to where Bacon was standing; he looked defiant, and cried, "Here-shoot me! Fore God, fair mark! Shoot!" But Bacon replied calmly, "No, may it please your honor,--we will not hurt a hair of your head, nor of any other man's; we are come for a commission to save our lives from the Indians, which you have so often promised; and now we will have it before we go!" And he not only got the desired commission, but the assembly passed an act of amnesty towards himself and his band of rebels. They continued, however, to oppose the policy of the governor, and engaged in a vigorous campaign against the Indians. Berkeley once more declared Bacon an outlaw, and led forth his militia to attack the insurgents; but, on approaching their camp, he was dismayed to find most of his men crying, Bacon! Bacon! Bacon!" and then going over to the enemy.

Bacon said "that it vexed him to the heart that while he was hunting wolves which were destroying innocent lambs, the governor should seek to put him like corn between two mill-stones."

His death occured in 1676, and the place of his burial was kept secret because Berkeley had threatened to hang his skeleton in chains upon a public gibbet.

4. After Governor Berkeley's removal, Sir Herbert Jeffreys and Sir Henry Chicheley were the successive lieutenant-governors of Virginia, and had the entire control of affairs from 1677 to 1680, when Lord Culpepper assumed the duties of his office.

5. Lord Culpepper was pronounced by a writer of his time, "one of the most cunning and covetous men in England." He was a man of positive character and violent measures. In 1681 the planters in Virginia became dissatisfied with the extremely low prices paid for their tobacco; and, in order to create a scarcity of supply, and enhance the value of the remaining crop, an organized band went from plantation to plantation, hacking and destroying the growing plants. Returning from England in the midst of this "strike," Governor Culpepper immediately ordered thei leading "plant-cutters" to be hung.

CHAPTER VI.

PLYMOUTH, PORTSMOUTH, AND DOVER.

74. Great religious differences now existed in England. King James, who thought himself at least as wise as Solomon, required all his subjects to believe and worship precisely as he did. A very large party in the nation disapproved some observances of the Established Church, and were especially shocked at the Sunday sports which were recommended and even enjoined by the king himself.

75. Many hundreds of these Puritans,' finding that there was no toleration for their views in England, separated themselves from the Church, and as many as were able sought an asylum in Holland. They were then called Separatists or Independents, while the great mass of the Puritans remained in the Church, though protesting against some of its practices.

76. The Separatists in Holland were still English at heart, and were grieved to have their children grow up ignorant of the language and customs of their native land. They resolved, therefore, to seek homes in the American wilderness, where, under English laws, they might have freedom to worship God in the way which seemed to them right. From a thousand pilgrims in Holland, a hundred were selected to be founders of the new state; and, after several disasters and delays, they set sail in September, 1620, from Plymouth, in England.

77. The Mayflower. Though a patent had been secured from the London Company, it proved useless because the person in whose name it was issued did not go with the

U.S. H.-4.

(49)

colonists; so that the little ship Mayflower set forth on her voyage without warrant or charter from King, Parliament, or Company. Unlike the Virginian adventurers ($62), the "Pilgrims" were accompanied by their wives and children, and expected to live and die in America.

78. Founding of the Plymouth Colony.-Their aim was the Hudson River; but after a stormy and perilous passage of two months, they came to anchor near Cape Cod.3 Five weeks were spent in looking for a suitable place for a

new home.

Pilgrims Landing.

At last they came to a safe though shallow harbor, to which Captain Smith had already given the name of Plymouth. This they chose, and in remembrance Dec. 11, 1620.4 of kindness received at Plymouth, in England, they retained the name. Before going on shore, the fortyone heads of families solemnly combined themselves into a "civil body politic" to "enact such just and equal laws" as should be thought "convenient for the general good." It was the first embodiment, in fact, of the American idea that "governments derive their just powers from the con