Pennsylvania; superstitions were met by that calm good sense which is their only antidote. Only one trial for witchcraft ever took place; the prisoner, a Swede, was acquitted of the charge, though censured for disorderly conduct. (See $141.)

122. Delaware.-The Duke of York, an old friend and comrade of Penn's father, conferred upon the son the "three lower counties on Delaware Bay. They A. D. 1682. were included for nine years in Pennsylvania; but in 1691 a separate governor and assembly were chosen for the "Commonwealth of Delaware."

123. Duke of York becomes King. In 1685, the Duke of York became King James II. of England. Penn used all his influence with his royal friend to secure justice for the oppressed, and had the joy of liberating twelve hundred " Friends" from the noisome English dungeons, where some of them had suffered many years for no other crime than obedience to their consciences.

124. Ingratitude towards Penn.-Though the colonies established by Penn flourished, their proprietor became poor. He had spent all his fortune in the prosecution of his great "experiment." Many settlers refused to pay the moderate rent which he asked, as some little return for all his expense; and the liberator of so many prisoners actually went to jail in his old age for debt.

Trace on Map No. 3 the course of Hudson; of Block. Point out two Dutch settlements on the Hudson. Two on the Delaware and Connecticut (2108). Long Island. Two Swedish settlements on the Delaware. The three principal rivers of New Netherlands. Penn's chief city. The capital of West Jersey. The boundaries of Delaware.

Read Brodhead's "History of New York;" Chapters xxii-xxiv of Bancroft's "History of the United States;" Mrs. Lamb's " History of the City of New York;" "Lives" of William Penn by Clarkson, Weems, and Ellis.

1. The Dutch Republic, or United Netherlands, in the seventeenth century, embraced the present kingdom of Holland, and a part of Belgium. The remainder of Belgium constituted the Spanish Netherlands.

2. The Dutch East India Company was chartered in 1602, with "the exclusive right to commerce beyond the Cape of Good Hope on the one side, and beyond the Straits of Magellan on the other." It had almost unlimited powers in respect of "conquest, colonization, and government," and soon became the greatest trading corporation in the world. 3. Hudson's first two voyages to the American coast (1607 and 1608) were under the auspices of a company of London merchants, and for the purpose of finding the long-sought north-west passage to Asia. He cruised farther north, along the eastern shores of Greenland, than any navigator before him, and, when his progress was stopped by ice, sailed across the polar seas to Spitzbergen, and vainly tried to reach China through the frozen channel between that arctic island and Nova Zembla. He was not discouraged by these repeated failures, but his countrymen refused the means to carry on other expeditions; so he offered to sail for the Dutch Company, and his services were accepted. His vessel, the "Half Moon," was a yacht of only eighty tons burthen, and with this small craft he first essayed the "north-east passage" around Nova Zembla. Finding it blocked with ice, as he had the year before, he turned his prow westward, and, after a stormy voyage of nearly three months, sighted the foggy banks of Newfoundland. Cruising south, he landed first on the Maine coast, then on Cape Cod (which he called New Holland), and, before entering New York harbor, explored Delaware Bay. On the 4th of September (1609) a boat's crew from the "Half Moon" landed on Congu (Coney) Island. These were the first Europeans known to have been on the shores of New York Bay. In 1610 Hudson made his last voyage to America. He sailed through the straits and discovered the bay which bear his name. His ship, the "Discovery," was caught in the fields of ice. Dissensions and mutiny broke out among his sailors, and they cast Hudson and his son, with seven others, into a small shallop, and set them adrift among the icebergs. Their sad fate was never known, but the entire party must have perished from cold or starvation.

4. The Dutch West India Company was almost as great a monopoly as the East India Company. Its patent prohibited any citizen of the United Netherlands, for the period of twenty-two years, from sailing to the coasts of Africa or America except in the company's service. It exercised all governmental powers over the colonies it established. Besides an immense fleet of merchant vessels, this great company had under its control thirty-two war vessels and eighteen armed yachts. One clause in its charter was that "they must advance the peopling of those fruitful and unsettled parts," and this important feature received the first attention of the company. Early in 1623 their first colonists were brought to the shores of Hudson River, called Mauritius River by the Dutch.

5. The Patroons, or proprietary lords of the early Dutch settlements of New York and New Jersey, were granted remarkable privileges, and clothed with almost princely powers. Provided they would bring a colony of fifty persons to America, they were permitted to select lands having a frontage of sixteen miles along any river bank, and extending back "so far into the country as the situation of the occupiers would permit." They appointed officers and magistrates to govern the colony, and their sway over the people was absolute. No man or woman could quit the patroon's service until the time of contract had expired, whether treated well or not; and the only privilege which these tenants enjoyed was an exemption from taxation for ten years.

6. Lützen is a small town in Prussian Saxony. The battle in which Gustavus Adolphus lost his life, occurred in November, 1632. The Swedish king, with 20,000 men, was opposed by the great Austrian general, Wallenstein, with an army of 40,000. The tide of battle wavered for some time, when Gustavus Adolphus rode fearlessly to the front to inspirit his

soldiery. He received a shot in the arm and one in the back; he fell from his saddle, and, his foot catching in the stirrup, he was thus dragged by his flying horse. It is thought that the fatal wound in the back was caused by a traitorous cousin in his own ranks.

7. The first director of New Sweden was Peter Minuit, a Dutchman who had been discharged from office in the New Netherlands settlement. Governor Printz was a man of immense size, weighing over four hundred pounds, a generous liver, and of violent temper. His house, Printz Hall, was an elegant mansion for the times. From his fort on Tinicum Island he stopped every passing vessel, and levied tribute for the privilege of trading at any point on the Delaware or Schuylkill rivers.

8. Peter Stuyvesant was warmly welcomed by the people of New Netherlands when, in 1647, he came as director-general to relieve them from the rule of the despotic Kieft. But it did not take them long to find out that he was as self-willed and violent in temper as his predecessor. He was, however, a man of better judgment and executive ability. He succeeded in making peace with the Indians, and in introducing system and good order in the affairs of government. Stuyvesant was born in Holland in 1602; he lost a leg in a naval attack on the island of St. Martin in 1644, and had it replaced by a wooden one, bound round with silver rings. On account of this he was called by some of his disrespectful subjects, "old Wooden Leg" or "Silver Leg." He delighted in pomp and in display of authority. As an instance, when he landed at New Amsterdam as the new governor of the colony, one of the writers of the time says, he "strutted like a peacock, with great state and pomp;" and, being met by a deputation of the leading citizens, who took off their hats as a mark of respect, the governor "let them wait bareheaded for several hours, he himself keeping on his hat as if he was the Czar of Muscovy; nobody was offered a chair, while he seated himself very comfortably on a chair, the better to give the welcomers an audience."

After surrendering New Netherlands, Peter Stuyvesant lived quietly for eighteen years on his farm, which lay upon both sides of the street now called the Bowery, in New York City. He died at the age of eighty, and his remains are now in a vault ist. Marks Episcopal Church, N. Y.

9. William Penn was the son of a distinguished English admiral. He was born in London in 1644. From his father he inherited force of character and sprightliness of disposition; and from his mother, a strong religious temperament. He entered Oxford University at the age of fifteen. During his first year there he heard the preaching of Thomas Lee, an eminent "Friend," and became impressed with his simple doctrines. He grew more and more to dislike the forms and ceremonies of the Anglican Church, and rebelled against the conformity to them required in the University. He refused to wear a surplice himself, and incited a few of his comrades to join him in tearing off the surplices worn by other students. For this he was expelled. During the next few years he traveled in Holland, France, and Ireland, was often presented at court, and led quite a gay life. But again falling in with the Quaker preacher, Lee, he became a convert to his views, and adopted the garb and the professions of the Society of Friends. He gave up his luxurious habits of living, and began zealously to speak and write in favor of the new doctrines. He was thrown into prison for heresy, but improved the time passed in his cell by writing more vigorously than ever. He was a man of strong conscientious convictions, and without a particle of fear. On the death of his father in 1670, William Penn came into possession of a large estate. The grant to Penn comprised 40,000 square miles in the wilderness of America, which King Charles named Pennsylvania. Penn wished to call the territory New Wales or Sylvania, but the king replied that he was "godfather to the country, and would bestow the name.

When James II. was deposed and in exile (A. D. 1692), William Penn was accused of treasonable correspondence with him. On the strength of this charge, his title to Pennsylvania was annulled; but a long and severe trial proved his innocence, and his flourishing province in the New World was restored to him. The business embarrassments of his later life affected his health and spirits. In 1712 a stroke of apoplexy greatly impaired his mind; though his death, in Berkshire, did not occur intil six years later.

CHAPTER IX.

ENGLISH REVOLUTIONS. -THE SOUTHERN COLONIES.

125. Important changes took place in England during the seventeenth century, which had their influence in America. The Puritans (S$74, 75, Note 1., p. 53) were now a majority of the great middle class of the people and of Parliament. They were the party of freedom in civil as well as religious matters, and they soon came into collision with Charles I., the second of the Stuart kings, whose ideas of royal authority were as absolute as his father's ($74). To escape their opposition, he tried for many years to rule without a parliament, and to support his government by forced loans. Want of money compelled him, however, to summon the representatives of the people, and he found them even less obedient than before.

A. D. 1649.

126. Civil War in England at length broke out. Multitudes of families sought peace and security in America, The king, after many defeats, was taken prisoner, tried, condemned, and beheaded, last parliament which he summoned, voted itself perpetual by an act which the king signed. It is hence called the Long Parliament, for it continued in session twelve years, It contained many warm friends of the New England colonies; but the latter were careful to ask no favors, lest they should confess themselves dependent.

127. Oliver Cromwell,' the head of the army, at length dissolved the Long Parliament, and made himself chief ruler of England with the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. He was a great man, and England was never more respected than when governed by

A. D. 1653-1658

him.

But the power of the Commonwealth ended with his life; for his son Richard, who inherited his title, had not the strength to keep it.

was called to occupy his grand ideas of his powers

128. In 1660 Charles II. father's throne. He came with and privileges as a king, and in four years gave away half of North America to men who had shared his exile or helped in his restoration. During the same years several new Navigation Acts gave to English merchants all the benefit of colonial trade. No goods could reach the colonies except in English ships; even the exchanges of one colony with another were loaded with heavy duties. Americans could buy foreign goods only in England, and must sell in England all their products which the English merchants would take; the rest must be sold "south of Cape Finisterre," so as to compete as little as possible with the interests of the mother-country. Under such ungenerous restrictions, it is needless to say, American merchants had little chance of success, for they bore all the risks and losses, while receiving scarcely any of the profits of European trade.

129. Conflicting Grants.-Probably the years of the king's exile had not been devoted to the study of geography, for while restoring Acadia to the French he renewed a grant of Nova Scotia to Sir Thomas Temple, who had succeeded the original proprietor ($83). He bestowed upon Connecticut -now made to include Saybrook and New Haven-all the land between Narragansett River and the Pacific Ocean, together with a new and very liberal charter; and at the same time he gave to his brother, the Duke of York, the tract between the Delaware and Connecticut rivers. (See 115.) Wiser men than King Charles had as yet no true idea of the breadth of the American continent, and the boundary lines of several colonies, extending from ocean to ocean, were hopelessly entangled. It was under