Possibly, they may be the beginning of great results on both sides; but, if we were to insist on the ideal of the subjective purists, we should make no mention of them in Psychology proper.

One extremely important aspect of the union of Mind and Body is presented by the circumstance that has received prominence only in later times,-that we are constantly applying spiritual remedies to bodily ailments, being often unaware of what we are doing. This ignorance is not so frequent now as it was in former times; we are becoming gradually more disposed to employ physical treatment for purely physical maladies. It is the fact that depression due to physical causes may be more or less removed by applications of an intellectual or moral kind; as when a sufferer from illness is cheered by the sympathy of friends. On the other hand, a blow of a purely mental nature can be sometimes effectually met by a physical tonic. The interaction of the two sides of our being in those instances has very great significance. There should, however, be no mistake about it. We should understand that the first and most direct and efficient remedy for physical derangement is physical treatment; and so with the mental: "Rachel, weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not". When we fail to remedy each mode by its own kind, we may properly make trial of the other kind, and may have a partial success. What we need is to appreciate exactly the case that we have to deal with, and to ply the most suitable weapons at our disposal. Past history records a long series of mistaken renderings of human misery with a corresponding misjudgment in the choice of remedies.

PLEASURE AND PAIN.

(Mind, N.S., i., 161.)

Discussion of Pleasure and Pain needs a reference to examples in detail. First, under Sensation-primary modes, and known physical adjuncts. The Emotions contain primitive and also non-primitive modes. Pleasure in itself undefinable; but individuals and species may be enumerated. In this enumeration may be constituted representative groups-on which to base a theoretical treatment. Even irrespective of physical concomitance, the generalized characters are still considerable and important, as in the distinction of massive and acute. Pleasurable sensibility of the state of drowsiness illustrative. Cessation of pains giving a recoil of pleasurable feeling. Instances. Does the system provide for a pleasurable condition as a consequence of remitting forms of pain that die away from the memory? Rejoicing over an escape from some great danger. Belouging rather to the department of pleasure and pain in their ideal modes. Exultation of victory more than the cessation of the strain of fighting and the sense of danger. Designation "Relativity" covers a wide field more or less allied to the present situations. Light and shade: gratefulness of shade presupposes previous glare. Must the previous condition be exaggerated to the pitch of pain? This discussed. All the organs associated with pleasure assume periodical conditions of craving. The eye an extreme instance; and the ear also referred to. General law-every organ needs exercise or relishes such in proportion to its active endowment. Numerous corollaries. Relativity implies that in proportion to privation is the intensity of the pleasure. Indirect operation of pain in contributing to pleasure to be exhausted in its simple aspects first. Sensations in detail viewed in their proper hedonic capacity. Dependence of pleasure on harmony, and pain on conflict. Alternative hypotheses in regard to simple sensations, and sensation, as such. Harmony-Case of Hearing. Helmholtz on pleasure of sound. A simple sound and bare Touch insipid. Voluminous softness the most favourable mode of touch. Sight. Light a positive pleasure, due regard being had to Relativity as remission, alternation, variation and grading of intensity. Colours of the spectrum as sources of pleasure. Taste and Smell. Smell the most suggestive. Theory that certain chemical agents impart to the nervous substance the modification that is the adjunct of pleasure; so with pain. Taste. Sweet and bitter tastes also referable to chemical agency. Organic Sensations. Alcoholic stimulation. Subjective and physical hypotheses: a resulting state of exhaustion. This so far qualified

by what we know of concrete alcoholic bodies. Examples. Organic sensibilities, whose operation is mechanical-cutting, squeezing, tearing, etc. Heat and Cold. In milder modes ranking among our habitual pleasures. Especially illustrative of the law of Relativity in its purest type. Frequent, but not invariable, coincidence between the pleasurable modes of heat and cold and physical well-being. Sensation of agreeable warmth so far sui generis. Muscular System. Gives prominence to the law of exercise of function as a source of pleasure; pain being the result of trespassing the limits of strength. Important aspect to study—the pleasure of cessation, or repose, after exercise. Collateral consequenceinducing sleep. Drowsiness. The grateful feeling of muscular exercise, viewed as one of the Appetites. Muscularity another testimony to the insufficiency of sensation as a guide to health. Pains of muscle notable and unique. Pain by pre-eminence, cramp or spasm. A salutary efficacy in the stimulus; but a smaller amount of suffering would equally answer the purpose. Organs of Digestion. Characteristic form of pain. The feeling of healthy digestion, with its commanding influence over the mental tone. As a guide in the conduct of life, the digestive organs have the same merits and defects as warmth and muscularity. Respiratory feelings (function of respiration). In ordinary circumstances respiration is devoid of feeling. One of the best examples of the law of Relativity, or the necessity of change in order to consciousness. Speciality of the feeling the pain of suffocation. Interference with breathing considered. In excess of precaution for the needs of respiration. Respiratory outbursts. Pleasurable feelings of respiration not pronounced. May be connected with the department of notable advancement in healthy functions. Pain the obverse view. Distinction between agents that interfere with respiration without the warning of pain, and such as cause irritation without being necessarily mischievous. Electricity. Electrical influences exemplified. The nervous system. Besides its mode of working under the sensitive organs operating as stimuli, it has changes due to its own nutrition and integrity, or the reverse. Statement of a few leading fluctuations, as to general condition, with their subjective consequences in regard to mental efficiency and emotional tone. Anesthetics. Tickling. Summing up for simple feelings :-as to pain due to nervous stimulation from disorganization of tissue; coincidence between pleasure and vitality, and the contrasting situation; pleasure in the exercise of all the active faculties, and in rest and remission after fatigue; pains in nervous disorders that are indifferent as regards general well-being. Qualifications and variations. The pleasures and pains that pass beyond simplicity by far the largest number of pleasurable and painful experiences. Different aspects of Harmony and Conflict. Two separate classes of mental facts coming under this designation. Harmony and Conflict not the best names for the situations. Footnote-Reply to Mr. Bradley on Conflict and Surprise. That whatever lightens or aggravates our labours and burdens is respectively pleasurable or painful, is a necessity of our constitution and not a separate law of the mind. Case of artistic or æsthetic pleasure and pain. Opens a wide department. Subtle operation of concurrence

between effects differing in their own proper nature, while possessing something in common. Examples. A class of effects very insufficiently accounted for. The intense pleasure of the higher modes out of all proportion to the physical difference, or other explicable circumstances. Illustrations. Elementary Emotions. Most prominent appear to be Love, Anger, and Fear. All associated with distinct organical changes, part of their nature physically viewed. This described. Pleasures and Pains in Connexion with Ideas. The field of Ideas even wider than that of Sense and Actuality; and introduces an entirely new set of conditions. Everything depends on the forces that determine the retention of what has passed out of actual presence. As pain subsists in the memory as painful, its cessation being the beginning of a pleasurable reaction is an apparent contradiction. Explanation. The memory of a pain as a motive to the will. In compounds of emotion and intellect-Affection, Malevolence, Egotism and Artistic pleasures—the survival in the memory has a more important standing in the whole life.

Foregoing principles applied to criticize two papers by H. R. Marshall, contending for the strict dependence of pleasure and pain upon the energy of the physical organs at each moment. This doctrine qualified by the law of cessation and change of stimulus, culminating in the pleasures of novelty; the pleasures and pains of Sensation in its more passive modes; applications to Art; disproportion of stimulus and resulting pleasure and pain; some of the higher emotions.

THE exhaustive discussion of Pleasure and Pain, in a general thesis, needs an ample reference to the examples in detail as furnished, in the first instance, under Sensation. These examples are sufficiently numerous in themselves to supply a test of any theory, while they have the advantage of calling attention to unquestionably primary modes. The psychical characters can be so far generalized; and, in connexion with the generalities, the question may be put whether there be anything corresponding in the known physical adjuncts. It is also possible to theorize upon psychical circumstances purely, as in the discussion of certain special instances by Ward and by Bradley.

In taking into account the Emotions, there are modes of primitive feeling no less than in the Senses; there being at the same time a wide compass of the non-primitive modes.

Pleasure, in itself, is of course indefinable; but individuals. and species may be enumerated. In this enumeration may be constituted representative groups, on which to base a theo

retical treatment.

Even supposing physical concomitance were left out of account, the generalized characters would still be considerable and important, as, for example, in the distinction of massive and acute.

The discussion raised by theorists upon the pleasurable sensibility of the state of drowsiness points to a mode of action of the system that may have a wider range of exemplification. Take the case of cessation of pains generally, and remark that, in some instances at least, there is a notable reaction or recoil of pleasurable feeling. To pass from a glare of light into the shade is not merely cessation of pain; there is also a distinct thrill of grateful feeling. So, to get out of hubbub into stillness is something more than mere cessation of auditory pain, or, to say the least of it, it is something different. We must, however, take account of the continuance of pain in the idea after it has ceased in fact. The higher the pain is in the scale of intellectual retentiveness, the greater would be this persistence, and the greater the interference with the mental repose. It is in the case of the acute physical pains, as toothache, that, the persistent memory being feeble, the grateful reaction is most apparent. The question then arises, does the system provide for a pleasurable condition which is the consequence of remitting such forms of pain as die away from the memory, when no longer stimulated by their external causes? If there were such a law, the pleasure of going to sleep, as the cessation of conscious activity of any kind and of muscular activity in particular, would be a marked exemplification. That there are forms of remission of activity, whether painful or not, that manifest this reaction only in a slight degree, might affect the generality of the proposition, but would not do away with it. There would thus emerge the class of cases already cited, where the principle is an operating circumstance in human pleasure.

Another way of looking at the same phenomenon is, to take the aspect of congratulation or rejoicing over an escape or a deliverance from some great evil. This position would be strengthened, if not created, by our having made up our minds for a time that the evil was to prove more last