Professor Jowett stands almost alone: the result of the freest, as of the most reverent, of the numerous recent studies of St. Paul and his works (amongst which Professor Jowett's own Commentary is one of the most interesting) having been only to add an independent tribute to the ancient admiration of Christendom. Those who judge St. Paul as they would judge any other remarkable man confess him unanimously to have been one of the greatest spirits of all time;" whilst those who believe him to have been appointed by the Lord of mankind, and inspired by the Holy Ghost, to do a work in the world of almost unequalled importance, are lost in wonder as they study the gifts with which he was endowed for that work, and the sustained devotion with which he gave himself to it.'-Vol. ii., pp. 762-3. We had marked many other articles for extract-Chaldea, Nineveh, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Syria, Phoenicia, Shishak, Nebo, Weights and Measures, the Levites, &c., &c. but we must stop; recommending to the public Dr. Smith's Dictionary, with its numerous excellences and its few and easilyremediable superfluities, shortcomings, and defects, as a work in the first rank of English literature, an honour to the learning and talents of the Anglican clergy, and a treasure-house of everything of value in Biblical literature. We believe that it will be an invaluable gift to the clergy, whether Churchmen or Dissenters. It will give them mastery over the whole range of Biblical literature, add freshness and accuracy to their illustrations of Scripture, open out rich fields not otherwise accessible and full of interest and value, and accustom them to largeness of thought and candour and forbearance in dealing with other men's opinions, as earnest it may be, and as conscientious as themselves. * ART. V.-Report of the Commissioners appointed to Inquire into the Sanitary State of the Army in India. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. 1863. This HIS Report embraces the consideration of the supply, the maintenance, and the preservation of our European army in India. It deals with the welfare, physical and social, of more than seventy thousand Englishmen, who, for the honour and in the interest of their country, have for years to endure hard We cannot take leave of this subject without congratulating all students of Biblical and Oriental Literature on the appearance of the first part of Mr. E. W. Lane's Arabic-English Dictionary (London and Edinburgh, 1863), a work which is the fruit of many years of painful labour, and which promises to be worthy alike of the learning of its eminent author, and of the munificence of its originator and constant and main support,' the Duke of Northumberland, as well as of the judicious patronage of the British Government, awarded through Earl Russell. ships 2 F 2 ships inseparable from a residence under a tropical sun. It demonstrates that great waste of money, as well as undue loss of life, has occurred, is still occurring, and may be prevented. The Report is of a varied character, and it deals with many questions involving the well-being not only of the army, but of the civil hospitals, dispensaries, and prisons, and of the population of India altogether. We propose, however, to consider it almost exclusively with a view to its immediate purpose. To speak, then, of the British troops in India: the Report was scarcely needed to inform us that the English Government has been in the habit of enlisting in its military service a large number of young and heedless persons, and of so disposing of them when enlisted that most of them live unhappily and perish in the flower of their age, constituting meanwhile a more costly and a far less efficient force than they might, with due care, be made. And now the question is, shall this always be so, or is the knowledge which has been derived from dear-bought expe rience, and which has been already acted upon to a considerable extent, to be zealously, steadily, and systematically employed in promoting the well-being and efficiency of our troops? Let us apply to its solution the information embodied in the important document which stands at the head of the present article. Miss Nightingale's indignant comments are well known. The Royal Commission which has recorded its conclusions in this Report originally consisted of the late Lord Herbert, best known as Mr. Sidney Herbert; General Sir R. Vivian; Sir P. Cautley; Mr. Alexander (the late able and excellent head of the Army Medical Department); Colonel Greathead; Dr. Farr; Sir Ranald Martin; and Dr. Sutherland. That estimable man and true friend of the soldier, Lord Herbert, did not live to see completed the noble work commenced under his supervision. Always anxious and ready to improve the condition of the army, and ever interested in its welfare, he was greatly instrumental in the appointment of the Commission; and while health was spared him he did his best to promote its objects. But he did not live to see the task completed, which his benevolence as much as his patriotism had undertaken. Mr. Alexander, in the prime of life, was also removed by death from the field of his useful labours, long before the completion of the work. His place was supplied by his successor in office, Dr. Gibson, who has had great experience as an army surgeon. In the room of Lord Herbert, the services of Lord Stanley were secured to the Commission; and the Report drawn up by him, as chairman, will stamp his name with a character for painstaking precision, and an honest wish to act rightly, that not all all can achieve, but that all may envy. Dr. Farr, by his years of valuable experience in the Registrar-General's Office, and the ability with which he can render it available for the benefit of his fellow-creatures, was able to afford most important aid to the Commission. To Sir Ranald Martin may be attributed, if we mistake not, much of the substance of the Report. In years past, while resident in Calcutta, he was the first of his day to draw the attention of the Governor-General of India to the insalubrious condition, and the want of sanitary arrangements, in that important and populous city. He has laboured ever since in the same good cause. The establishment of the sanitary officers of towns and districts was caused in a great degree by his early efforts; and to his disinterested exertions is mainly due the appointment of the Commission, from whose recommendations we venture to hope for great public benefits. The whole subject before us resolves itself into the question, by what means we can most economically and efficiently supply and maintain our European army in India? How can recruits be best transmitted to India, and what precautions should be taken to preserve their health when landed there? In 1862 the European army was reduced to about 74,500 Of these, 48,000 were scattered over the Presidency of Bengal, 12,000 over that of Madras, and 14,000 over that of Bombay; and the terms of the Commission embrace every conceivable subject connected with their well-being, many of them, of course, having the largest bearing on the condition of the native troops, and of Indian life generally. The minutes of evidence occupy two volumes, of nearly 1000 pages each. Elaborate tables, maps, plans, and charts of weather, &c., assist to swell this immense mass of information— evidence derived in a great measure from the medical officers of the army of India, a class of men, for intelligence, industry, and devotion to their duty, not to be surpassed by any. In many instances high scientific knowledge, combined with much experience on service and in the field, renders their statements most valuable. The rate of mortality among Europeans resident even in the healthiest of the three Presidencies of India, viz. Bombay, is much higher than the death-rate of all England. But the rate of mortality which affects British troops scattered over all India, it will appear, is far greater than it need be were sanitary measures properly carried out. The following remarks will fully establish the justice of this statement. They are taken verbatim from the Report: 'The mortality of men of the soldier's age, in the healthy parts of England England and Wales, is such, that on an average 8 die annually to 1000 living. Recruits for India undergo careful examination; and when soldiers are attacked by consumption, or any disease that is not soon fatal, they are invalided. So that their recorded mortality in peace, under such conditions as can be commanded in the army at home, should not exceed that experienced in the healthy districts of England, which, as regards their salubrity, are by no means perfect models. 'Half the population of England and Wales is concentrated in town and city parishes, under many unfavourable conditions, and the annual mortality of Englishmen, of the soldiers' ages, is 9 in 1000. Thus the mortality varies in different cases; and as it rises from 8 to 9 and 12, unfavourable sanitary conditions are discovered accounting for every degree of increase. The same principle holds in the mortality of the British army at home, which was at the rate of 17 per 1000 annually, and is now declining in proportion as the causes of disease are abolished or mitigated. The mortality of the non-commissioned officers and men serving in the British army abroad,* in the four years (1857-60), was at the rate of 41 in 1000. Of the officers the mortality was 30 in 1000.' The annual mortality of officers serving at home and abroad was 17; of non-commissioned officers and men, 33 in 1000, during the years 1839-53, of European peace. The Report states that the death-rate of the British soldier in India, since the first occupation of the country by European troops, down to the present day, has oscillated round 69 per 1000, and concludes this portion of the inquiry with this remarkable sentence:-' If the mortality is set down at 69 in 1000, it follows that, besides death by natural† causes, 61, or, taking the English standard, 60 head per 1000 of our troops perish in India annually. It is at that expense that we have held dominion there for a century; a company out of every regiment has been sacrificed every twenty months. These 'companies fade away in the prime of life; have few children; and have to be replaced, at great cost, by successive shiploads of recruits.' This fearful death-rate is the result, not of warfare, but of those various local, atmospheric, or malarious influences which are known to be to a considerable extent within the reach of science and experience, and the remedies which they may suggest. An examination was made by the Commission into the rates of mortality at different ages, as well as at different terms of service in India. The mortality under 20 years of age is lower than it ever is afterwards; from 20 to 25 it is 56-4 per 1000; This, we presume, includes those serving in India. The Commissioners must mean to say, by causes usually occurring in the English climate. from from 25 to 30 it is 48.8; and then gradually rises. The mortality during the first year of residence is higher than in any subsequent period (65.2); it decreases gradually to 441 in the fifth year; then slowly rises; is 470 at the second quinquenniad, and 52.8 at the third; but between 15 and 20 years' service, the rate becomes reduced to 430, which reduction is properly attributed to the elimination of the sickly by invaliding. If acclimation, in the ordinary sense, takes place, it is at advanced ages. The causes which destroy Englishmen in India, like arsenic, or any other poison, do their fatal work in every year of age and residence; and, indeed, the zymotic, the climatic, and malarious agents which produce cholera, dysentery, liver disease, diarrhoea, and fever in all its forms, comport themselves like organic poisons. One other point in reference to the mortality of our troops is of importance. That mortality appears to depend more on the intensity of zymotic poisons, and the time at which the men are exposed to such influences, than to the fact that the soldier has resided a longer or shorter period in the unhealthy locality. The Commissioners have exhausted all the resources of arithmetic to show in every variety of form the sad truth, which we fancy no one will dispute, of the rapid mortality of our troops in India. The mean period of service is found to be 8.6 years. Eleven recruits are required annually to keep up the standard of each hundred men; or, to maintain an army of 85,856 men, 10,000 annual recruits are required, even were the term of service as prolonged as under the regulations of the late East India Company. The half of a regular army so constituted consists of men who have served less than six years; more than a fourth of the men are veterans of ten years' standing, on whom the discipline and solidity of an army greatly depend. How few ever return to England in a single regiment sent for its term of duty to India! and not By a comparison of the causes of death in England, with the causes of death in India, the Commission ascertain the class of diseases which chiefly prove fatal to the British soldier in the latter country. The great endemic diseases of Indiathose which injure the health, or destroy the life of the British soldier incalculably more than wounds received in war-are, fever, dysentery, diseases of the liver, and epidemic cholera, which has for many years engrafted itself on the endemics of the country, all other diseases being of minor extent and influence comparatively. These four great diseases are almost exclusively diseases of the sultry plains of India; and, when any of them are |