and the nearer object of small size, it will be necessary for the observer to bring the smaller object in front of the centre or either end of the larger object, in order to attain the necessary precision. The objects most commonly used are of course the most conspicuous which can be rendered available from the position-always remembering the foregoing cautions in selection-and consist of remarkable houses, chimneys, towers, castles, churches, obelisks, windmills, trees, rocks, small islands, points, headlands, hills, mountains, flagstaffs, beacons, or lighthouses. We have, up to the present time, been dealing with theory, but, with the reader's permission, we will endeavour to reduce our theory to practice, that is, as far as we are able to do so on paper. For this purpose I have appended the accompanying small chart, which will, I think, render my instructions sufficiently clear to those unacquainted with the subject, whilst the experienced will, I trust, therein recognise the practical nature of the instruction conveyed. This chart (fig. 1) represents a portion of the sea coast adjacent to the harbour of St. Peter Port, Guernsey, with a set of marks and lines of sight in use for finding a certain fishing-ground, on a sufficiently large scale (four inches to a mile) to avoid confusion of lines. It is required at half an hour before low water spring tides, direction of the stream SW., wind NNE., to place a boat at a certain position according to the following marks. The De Lancey Obelisk, M, its own breadth open east of the breakwater lighthouse, and the gap in the back-land touching the sharp edge of the eastern cliff of the shingle bay. A is the line of direction of the obelisk, M, passing outside the lighthouse on the breakwater, and forming the long mark; в the line of direction given by the gap in the back-land with the edge of the cliff, cutting the line A at the boat's required position at F. After rounding the breakwater, steer to the southward, getting on the mark A; keep on this line of direction until the mark в is discovered, which is the cross mark, and shows you to have arrived at the spot indicated. The killick, or mooring stone, must not be let go here exactly on the spot, for when any amount of rope were paid out, the boat would of course be much beyond the required position, but instead of so doing, the boat should be rowed back again a short distance, until the cross marks are a little open of each other, or one of them is hidden, as the case may be, taking into consideration the direction of the wind and tide, and then drop the killick, or sling-stone, veering out the cable until the marks are correct. A little practice will soon enable anyone accustomed to sea boating to attain the necessary precision. In order to bring up conveniently, your cable should certainly be half as long again as the depth of the water where you purpose to fish, that you may have sufficient scope to veer and haul upon; but in bringing up at a place which requires great precision, veer as little as will suffice to hold, as you will not then swing so far out of the spot when the boat sheers on one side by the force of the current or flaws of wind. The depth of water being marked at nineteen fathoms, use a rope not less than thirty in length, as much scope is sometimes required if the wind freshens; on sand it is of course best to bring up with an anchor. On a rocky bottom, a sling-stone or killick should always be used in lieu of an anchor, which frequently gets irrecoverably hooked in some projection or crack in the rock (see fig. 57, p. 201). If the ground be of a mixed character, the anchor may be 'scowed' (see the illustration, fig. 58, p. 202). After the boat is brought up, if you find you are somewhat to the left of your position, make fast your cable about two feet from the stem of the boat on the port side, which will cause the boat to tend to the right; but if you are to the right of the required position, make fast the cable on the right or starboard bow, which will cause her to move to the left. This is termed 'putting a boat on the sheer,' and in a tideway the helm may be lashed sometimes with advantage, as an additional aid. Another method of taking marks, but less commonly used, consists in seeing one object over another at a considerable angle, such as the top of a hill over a narrow dip or depression in the edge of a cliff, or the top of a tower, summit of a steeple, vanes of a windmill, or base of any building, seen or just hidden as the case may be ; for instance, near Budleigh Salterton, Devon, is a fishingground known as 'Two Stones,' the mark for which is the high hill called Shaldon Beacon, beyond Teignmouth, just visible in the dip of the land at the outer part of Strait Point. Other instances of combinations of this kind will be from time to time met with, and are also useful for keeping vessels clear of dangers near the coast. A third method, when great precision is not requisite, is to set two objects on the land by compass that is to say, to place the compass in a convenient position, and to find one object bearing east and another north, or on any other bearings, so that they may form with each other a right angle, or as near an approach thereto as possible, or contain seven or eight points of the compass between them; thus taking the bearings on or nearly on the square. This method can be adopted by anyone at all familiar with a mariner's compass, who may be a stranger to the locality, when in case of obtaining sport, marks may be taken for future use. It will answer well where the ground is of the same nature for a considerable distance, as is often the case on Whiting and Dab grounds, or where Cod and Haddock abound, but rarely in Pollack, Bream, or Pout-fishing, where very great accuracy is often necessary. METHODS OF FISHING. The different methods of taking sea-fish may be briefly comprehended under the following heads, namely handline fishing, long-lining or trotting, net-fishing and spearing. There is also a method of taking fish by weirs, gradually becoming obsolete. Hand-line fishing has two great divisions; namely, at anchor and in motion. Fishing at anchor, or moored with a stone killick, subdivides itself into ground and drift-line fishing, of which ground-fishing may be defined to consist in using a single heavy lead as a sinker at the end of the line, on or close to the bottom; whilst in drift-line fishing, leads at intervals are placed as sinkers, usually at the distance of two fathoms, and from twelve to forty to the pound; besides which, drift-lines are also used entirely without lead, at the stern of the boat; and sometimes with a cork float to assist in taking out the line when little tide is running, a method much in vogue at Plymouth, in which case one light lead only is used. Fishing in motion includes reeling or railing, and whiffing, both which signify the act of towing lines after the boat; the former when under sail, the latter when sculling or pulling slowly. Whiffing is in some parts also applied in the same sense as reeling or railing, but it would be better to confine it to fishing in motion, by rowing or sculling, to avoid confusion of terms. Reeling or railing may be defined to consist in towing a lead, of a pound weight and over, after a sailingboat. We may also include under hand-line fishing, the method of throwing out a leger-line with a weight at the end from the shore, as from piers, quays, shelving beaches and steep rocks; together with angling with a long strong rod from any of these positions or from a boat. The use of trots, bulters, long-lines, or spillers, which are in fact synonymous terms, is another kind of ground-fishing in which the lines are left to themselves for a greater or less time, according to circumstances, sometimes being shot over night and hauled next morning, the management of which is so different from other lines that we may very well class it by itself. The distinguishing characteristic of this kind of line is that it consists of a long line or back with snoods and hooks at intervals, the whole affair being sunk and moored by stones or anchors. In another part of this work descriptions and illustrations are given. There yet remains net-fishing, and the use of spears and harpoons; of the former I have made mention under the heading of 'Remarks on Nets,' and of the latter, under the 'Flounder' (pp. 121, 122), and the 'Grains' (p. 222). The usual fish taken with ground-lines are Pout, Whiting, Haddock, Cod, Ling, Bream, Dabs, Flounders, Plaice, Gurnards, Eels, and Congers; in drift-line fishing, Pollack, Sea-Bream, Mackerel, Bass, and Gar-fish or Long-Noses; in reeling and whiffing, the same as in drift-line. fishing, the Sea-Bream, however, only exceptionally. In leger-fishing or throwing out a line from the shore, Bass, Congers, Pout, Pollack, and Wrasse, with Eels and Flounders from certain quays and piers, and exceptionally Red Mullet. In angling with rod and line, the same as with the |