Amendment, 1804) providing that the Presidential candidate having next to the highest number of votes should become Vice-President. But the strong alien and sedition laws of 1798, against which the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were revolts, hurt the Federalists, who became divided into two factions with Hamilton and Adams at their heads. Members of Congress nominated Adams and Pinckney as the Federalist, and Jefferson and Aaron Burr as the opposing candidates. The latter were victorious, but received even votes, so that the election was thrown into the House, which chose Jefferson third President (1801-1809) and Burr Vice-President.

What marked Jefferson's administration ?

On the defeat of the Federalists the "Republicans (Democrats) demanded the offices, but Jefferson declined to remove except for violent partisanship, though he lamented that "few die and none resign." Waiving his own political principles of strict construction, Jefferson assented (1803) to the purchase of the Louisiana territorry from France for $15,000,000, and (1806) to the construction of a national road from Baltimore to Ohio. A treaty with France was signed in 1803. Jefferson was re-elected, with George Clinton as Vice-President. Burr's mysterious expedition down the Mississippi and his trial for treason occurred in Jefferson's second term. England's impressment of our seamen led to the Embargo bill of 1807.

Who succeeded Jefferson?

The "Republicans" (Democrats) elected Madison fourth President (1809-17) and Clinton Vice-President, the Federalists losing all hold except in New England. The continued hostilities of England led the "Republicans" to change policy and become a war party, under

the leadership of Crawford, Calhoun, and Clay, and war with England was declared in 1812. Madison was reelected, with Elbridge Gerry as Vice-President, but the Federalist members of Congress issued an address protesting against the war, and the governors of Massachusetts and Connecticut refused to allow their militia to leave the State, except in case of invasion. Invasion, however, followed, and Washington was burned and the President nearly captured in 1814. At sea, however, the American navy won brilliant victories. In New England the "Peace Party" was strong, and the famous Hartford Convention" of 1814 was called as a protest. It met in secret, which gave rise to the mistaken impression that treason and secession were contemplated. Peace was signed in 1814, but the news did not reach this country in time to prevent the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815, in which Gen. Jackson won a splendid victory. With the close of the war the Federalist party became extinct, and the first party period ended.

THE SECOND PARTY PERIOD.

What was the second-party period?

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With the close of the war, the foreign-relations questions and the Federalist party practically disappeared. From 1816 to 1844, the second-party period, parties divided chiefly on questions of finance and industry and the tariff. The fifth President, James Monroe (1817–25), with Daniel D. Tompkins as Vice-President, was elected as a "Republican" (Democrat), but his re-election was unopposed, save by one elector, who declared that no one after Washington ought to have a unanimous electoral vote, and his second administration was known as 'the era of good feeling." Party lines were not fairly formed. again until 1828.

Was not the slavery question then an issue?

The slavery question smouldered till near the close of this period, being put aside by compromise or by surrender to the slave interest. In 1820 it was raised by the application of Missouri for admission as a State. It had been agreed that north of the line drawn by the surveyors, Mason and Dixon, between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and of the Ohio River, the States were to be free, but the new State was beyond the Mississippi. The House was against, the Senate for, slavery; the famous Missouri compromise of Henry Clay, (1820), admitted Maine as a free and Missouri as a slave State, and prohibited slavery north of 36° 30'.

What were the other events of Monroe's administration?

The warm welcome of the President, in a tour through the country, emphasized the disappearance of the Federalists. The Calhoun protective tariff had been passed in 1816, and the President's first message recommended a protective policy; as a compromise, a reduction provided for in the previous bill was repealed. In 1819 Florida was purchased and Texas given up, becoming a part of Mexico two years later. The war of Spain against her revolted colonies led to the declaration, in the message 1823, of the Monroe doctrine, that the United States would neither interfere in any European war, nor tolerate the attempt of any European power to acquire a controlling influence in this hemisphere. The Clay protective tariff and a bill for a national-canal system were passed by the broad constructionists, under Clay's leadership, in 1824.

What was the result of the next election?

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Party lines were indefinite, and the electoral vote was scattered among Jackson, Adams, Crawford, and Clay.

Calhoun was elected Vice-President, and the House chose John Quincy Adams, by the help of the friends of Clay, sixth President (1825-29). Clay became Secretary of State, and out of the Clay-Adams forces the NationalRepublican, afterwards the Whig, party was gradually developed. Adams and Clay were broad constructionists, favoring internal improvements and a protective policy, and the tariff of 1828, called by its enemies "the tariff of abominations," because they had tried to make it as objectionable as possible, was passed by Congress. The majority, however, had been alienated from the administration, and as "Jackson men" formed a strong opposition, favoring strict construction, and continuing the Democratic-Republican party under the name which it has since borne, of Democrats."

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THE JACKSON ADMINISTRATIONS.

In what did this result?

The election, against Adams, of Andrew Jackson, as seventh President (1829-37), with Calhoun as VicePresident. Nominations by Congressional caucuses had now ceased, and Jackson's nomination came from the Legislature of his State. Clay remained the leader of the National-Republican opposition, but there was little distinctive party principle. Internal improvements and a more or less protective tariff were generally advocated. The first notable event of Jackson's administration was his removal from office, a power unused by former Presidents, of five hundred office-holders, on the theory of Marcy, his Secretary of State, that "to the victors belong the spoils." This began the "rotation in office," which continued until the "civil-service reform" movement after the civil war. The National-Republican platform of 1832 opposed the "spoils system" of the Demo

crats.

What was the chief difficulty of Jackson's administration?

Nullification. The South considered the tariff of 1828 "legalized robbery," and began to look to Calhoun for relief. Georgia and South Carolina had protested through their Legislatures; and their doctrine, that any State could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional and therefore null and void, was voiced by Hayne (to whom Webster replied) in the "great debate" of 1830, in the Senate, which started from a question as to public-land sales. Soon after, at a Democratic dinner celebrating Jefferson's birthday, Jackson rebuked this doctrine with the toast, "Our Federal Union; it must be preserved," to which Calhoun retorted with, "Liberty, dearer than the Union.” In 1831, Calhoun attacked the President in a pamphlet, and the breaking up of the cabinet followed, including the resignation of Calhoun's opponent, Van Buren as Secretary of State. The tariff of 1832, reducing most duties, failed to pacify the South. In the presidential election, South Carolina put forward candidates of her own, Floyd of Virginia and Henry Lee of Massachusetts; and November 19, 1832, a State convention passed the ordinance of Nullification, and the State was made ready for war. The President issued his proclamation, and occupied Charleston harbor with a naval force, and a bill for enforcing the tariff was passed. The Clay compromise tariff of 1833 put an end to the excitement, and postponed the question of secession till 1860.

What was the bank controversy?

In 1816 the "Republicans " (Democrats) had chartered for twenty years a national bank. Jackson thought its. power anti-democratic, but Congress refused to order the removal of the United States deposits from it. Secretary Duane also refused to remove the deposits or to