resign, whereupon the President removed him, and appointed Taney Secretary, who at once ordered cessation of deposits. The Senate, having a majority of National Republicans and States'-Rights Democrats passed a resolution of censure upon the President, against which the President protested as an indirect and illegal impeachment. The House appointed a committee to investigate the bank, and voted against re-charter or restoring the deposits. The bank obtained a new charter from Pennsylvania, but no longer had the United States deposits. The President's nominations of government directors of the bank and for other officers were persistently rejected by the Senate.

What were the new party developments?

In 1832, presidential nominations were made by national conventions. Jackson, with Martin Van Buren, was nominated by the Democrats, Henry Clay by the National Republicans, and Wm. Wirt by the Anti-Masonic party, which had sprung up from the alleged murder of Wm. Morgan by the freemasons in 1826, and opposed Clay, who was a mason, as well as Jackson. It died out

in a few years. The "Loco-Foco' democrats in 1835 opposed paper-money and broad construction. In 1833, the National Anti-Slavery Society was formed, whence the abolition party took its rise. Mob violence and the murder of Lovejoy followed. The Abolitionists petitioned Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, but the House had resolved not to notice petitions as to slavery. The President recommended Congress to prohibit sending Abolitionist documents. through the mails, but the Senate rejected the bill.

Who succeeded Jackson?

Martin Van Buren was elected eighth President (183741) over Harrison, the candidate of the Whigs, as the

National Republicans were now called, with R. M. Johnson as Vice-President. He retained Jackson's cabinet and announced that he "would follow in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor." A "specie circular," issued by Jackson in 1836, ordering United States agents to receive only gold and silver for public lands, and led to the collapse of many banks, and to the sudden calling in of loans led to the great panic of 1837. The administration proposed the sub-treasury or independent treasury plan to "divorce bank and State," and at last succeeded in this as well as in its strict constructionist policy against internal improvements. The government tools were sold. The Democratic Convention of 1840 re-nominated Van Buren on a platform denying the right of Congress to direct internal. improvements, to protect manufactures, to charter a bank, or to interfere with slavery. The Whigs simply attacked the administration's financial policy, but with the cry Tippecanoe and Tyler too!" elected Gen. W. H. Harrison ninth President (1841), on whose death within one month Vice-President Tyler became tenth President (1841-5). The Abolitionists nominated Jas. G. Birney, and polled 7,059 votes.

TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION.

What was Tyler's policy?

He proposed to carry out Harrison's declarations against excessive use of vetoes, which Jackson and Van Buren had used frequently, political use of public officials, and experimenting upon the currency. But he vetoed bills to incorporate a fiscal bank of the United States, including one drawn to meet his own suggestions. The Cabinet, Webster excepted, resigned, and the Whig Congressmen, "a corporal's guard" excepted, issued addresses to the people declaring "all political connection between them

and John Tyler at an end." Giddings, of Ohio, was censured by the House in 1842 for presenting resolutions restricting slavery; he resigned, and was promptly reelected. After several vetoes of tariff bills the Whig protective tariff of 1842 was passed and approved, an accompanying bill for the distribution of surplus revenue among the States being pocketed by the President. The annexation of Texas now became the political issue, the South requiring new slave territory to uphold its power, and the Democratic convention demanding "the re-annexation of Texas," and "the re-occupation of Oregon." Oregon was disputed ground, the United States claiming 54° 40′ north latitude, as its boundary, and England all territory north of the Columbia River; and "the whole of Oregon or none, with or without war with England," was a popular cry. The Whigs nominated Clay, and declared for a protective tariff, a national currency, and the distribution of surplus revenue; the Liberty party urged the free States to stop the return of fugitive slaves, and again nominated Birney. A "Native American " party opposed foreign labor, easy naturalization, and Catholicism. The election was so close that the result in fourteen States was in doubt for two days, but Clay was defeated by the loss of the 62,300 votes of the Liberty party, and the Democratic nominees were elected. James K. Polk became eleventh President (1845-49) with George M. Dallas as Vice-President.

THE THIRD PARTY PERIOD.

What was the third party period?

Slavery had now fairly become the dominating issue, and from 1844 to 1872-the third party period-the slavery question, the war of emancipation, and the "reconstruction" of the South divided parties.

What was the opening event of this period?

The war with Mexico (1845-48), which was precipitated, after the annexation and admission of Texas, during negotiations as to disputed territory, by the invasion of Mexico by Gen. Taylor. The unpopularity of the war in New England is shown in Lowell's "Biglow Papers." The peace treaty, 1848, ceded much territory to the United States. A treaty with England, 1846, had accepted 49° north, as the boundary line of Oregon, despite the cry of “fifty-four-forty or fight." The House passed the "Wilmot proviso," providing as to newly acquired territory that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part except for crime"; the Senate passed a "rider" to an appropriation bill in behalf of slavery; but, after much manœuvring, Oregon was organized without slavery. The Walker low-duty tariff bill of 1846, a Democratic measure, passed Congress by a strict party vote. The Whig majority in the next House declared that the nation should undertake internal improvements, and passed a River and Harbor bill, but the President vetoed it.

What was the next administration?

The Democratic Convention nominated Cass, and voted down a non-interference pro-slavery resolution; the Whigs nominated Gen. Taylor, the hero of the Mexican war, and voted down the Wilmot anti-slavery proviso. Both parties were evading the slavery question. The Free-Soil Democrats (“Barnburners ") of New York, left the Democratic Convention, and took part in the Free-Soil Convention at Buffalo, which declared that Congress had no more power to make a slave than to make a king, and nominated Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams. The Whigs triumphed, and Gen. Zachary Taylor, a slaveholder, became twelfth

President (1849-1850), and was succeeded on his death by the Vice-President, Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President (1850-53).

What now happened?

Parties were disintegrating, and the Free-Soilers held the balance of power in the House, so that a Speaker was elected only by an agreement that a majority vote should not be required. The pro-slavery wing of the Whigs favored the "Squatter (or Popular) Sovereignty" doctrine of non-interference with the choice of the citizens of a territory or state as to slavery, but when the discovery of gold, 1849, caused a rapid settlement of California, this worked against slavery. The Clay compromise of 1850, under which California was admitted as a free State, included the famous Fugitive Slave Law, commanding all good citizens to aid in returning fugitive slaves, without trial by jury, which was met by the passage of Personal Liberty Laws in several Northern States. The Democratic Convention renewed strict constructionist pledges, upheld the Fugitive Slave Law, and opposed anti-slavery agitation, and nominated Pierce; the Whigs renewed their broad construction platform, but took like ground as to slavery, and nominated Gen. Scott. The Free-Soil Democrats denounced slavery as a sin against God and a crime against man," and the parties to the compromise, and nominated John P. Hale. Franklin Pierce was elected fourteenth President (1853-57) with W. R. King as VicePresident.

What now became the fighting ground of slavery?

Nebraska and Kansas. The Kansas-Nebraska bill proposed to repeal the compromise of 1820 and leave slavery north of 36° 30' an open question. The "AntiNebraska men left the other Whigs, and afterward became the new Republican party. The new American