ica." His volume on "Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas,” appeared in 1882, and was followed by his two volumes on “The Puritan colonies," in 1886. Mr. Goldwin Smith also delivered at Oxford, June 12, 1860, a lecture "On the foundation of the American colonies," (Oxford, 1861), also reprinted in his "Lectures on the study of history," (Am. ed., p. 185-215). See also the two elaborate volumes of Alexander Brown, "The genesis of the United States," 160516, (2 v., 1889); also for a single section, (New England), John Fiske's "The beginnings of New England," (1889), to which is added a useful" Bibliographical note" of 8 pages.

(2.) The rise of local authority.

See R. Frothingham's invaluable work, "The rise of the republic of the United States," (1872). A difference of view appears to have existed almost from the outset, between the colonists and the home government, as to the extent and nature of the authority to be exercised here. For the Spanish conception of a colony, solely as a financial feeder to the home government, see the careful statement in Prescott's "History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella," v. 2, p. 485-506. How far this was also the policy of the other continental nations may be studied in Dr. J. F. Jameson's "Willem Usselinx, founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India companies," (in v. 2 of "Papers of the American Historical Association," 1886); also in several works which have within recent years thrown additional light on the French colonial system, as Rameau's "La France aux colonies," (1859); Rameau's "Une colonie féodale en Amérique; l'Acadie," 1604-1710," (1877); Pauliat's " Madagascar sous Louis XIV., etc.," (1886); and Pauliat's 'La politique coloniale sous l'ancien régime," (1887). The one last named contains, at p. 185–96, the charter of "La compagnie de la Nouvelle-France, dite Canada, (1628)," (1887).

To what extent the attitude of the English government towards its colonies coincided with that of the continental governments may be seen in the construction placed upon the colonial charters. See the paper by Charles Deane, on "The forms in issuing letters-patent by the crown of England," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, v. 11, p. 166–88, (1869).

[For references to varying authorities on this point, see W. E. Foster's "References to political and economic topics," p. 24-25.]

See Dr. Edward Channing's paper on "The navigation laws," in

connection with which he examined the nature of the colonial charters, read before the American Antiquarian Society, Oct. 23, 1889.

For the text of the charters themselves, see Poore's "Federal and state constitutions," (2d ed., 1878). Those of some of the colonies also will be found in Hazard's "Historical collections," (2 v., 1792, 1794); Preston's Documents illustrative of American history," (1886); and Porter's “Outlines of the constitutional history of the United States," p. 3-34, (1883).

On local government as exercised in political sub-divisions lower than the colony, the most comprehensive discussion yet published is G. E. Howard's "Introduction to the local constitutional history of the United States,” v. 1, (1889). Compare also F. Lieber's volume, On civil liberty and self-government," (ed. 1874, p. 247–69).

On self-government in the towns, see the late Joel Parker's paper on "The origin, organization, and influence of the towns of New England," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, v. 9, p. 14– 65, (1866); Dr. H. B. Adams's paper on "The Germanic origin of New England towns," Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science," Ist series, no. 2, (1882); John Fiske's lecture on "The town meeting," (reprinted in his volume, "American political ideas," p. 17-56, 1885); J. K. Hosmer's "Samuel Adams, the man of the town meeting," (1884); and James M. Bugbee's paper, “The origin and development of local self-government in England and the United States," (1880); and A. de Tocqueville's "Democracy in America," (ed. 1862, v. 1, p. 73-103). For a study of a single town, see Town and city government in Providence,” by G. G. Wilson, (1889).

[For references to the very voluminous literature on local government in America, in general, see Howard's "Local constitutional history," v. I, p. 487-98. Also, for discussion specially on the origin of the towns, following the monographs of Messrs. Parker and Adams, and largely comprising counter-arguments, see the citations at p. 24-25 of W. E. Foster's References to political and economic topics," (1885); also his " 'Tendencies of local self-government in the United States," Monthly Reference Lists, Aug., 1882, v. 2, p. 27, 29; also at p. 129 of Dr. A. B. Hart's paper, "The rise of American cities," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jan., 1890, v. 4, p. 129-57, 241-44.]

(3) Antagonism to English authority developed.

(a.) Charter struggles.

This history is succinctly told for each colony in Lodge's "Short history of the English colonies in America," also, very satisfacto

rily, in Frothingham's "Rise of the republic of the United States." See also Winsor's 'Narrative and critical history of America v. 3 and 5; George Bancroft's "History of the United States of America," (ed. 1884, v. 2-3); and E. G. Scott's Development of constitutional liberty in the English colonies of America," (1882).

The experience of individual colonies also may be instructively studied, as that of Massachusetts in Charles Deane's chapter on 'The struggle to maintain the charter of King Charles I.," in the " Memorial history of Boston," v. 1, p. 329-82; also in John Fiske's "The beginnings of New England," (1889); that of Rhode Island, in W. E. Foster's " Stephen Hopkins," pt. 2, p. 34-88, (1884); and that of Connecticut, in Alexander Johnston's "The genesis of a New England state,' Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1st series, No. 11," (1883). Mr. John Fiske traverses the ground also in the first of a new series of articles in the Atlantic Monthly, March, 1888, v. 61, p. 398–416, namely, "The beginnings of the American revolution."

99 66

(b.) The earlier colonial combinations.

On the New England Confederacy of 1643-83 and the influence which it may have had on the colonial combinations of a century later, see Palfrey's "History of New England," v. 2-3; also Frothingham's "Rise of the republic," ch. 2. Compare also Dr. R. S. Storrs's address (1875), on "The early American spirit and the genesis of it;" also the volume by Dr. A. B. Hart, on the "Formation of the union, 1763-1829," to appear in the series, "Epochs of American history."

[Exhaustive references to the long series of "Intercolonial congresses and plans of union," by Justin Winsor, will be found in his "Narrative and critical history,” v. 5, p. 611–14; see also Frederick D. Stone's enumeration in Carson's "One hundredth anniversary of the constitution," v. 2, p. 439-503.]

(c.) The congress of the revolution.

The congress which met at Philadelphia in 1774 was the first of a series which continued until 1789. See Henry Armitt Brown's commemorative oration, Sept. 5, 1774, (Philadelphia, 1874, printed also in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, v. 29, p. 426–43): see also F. M. Etting's "The old state house of Pennsylvania," (1876).

The official record, though all too meagre, is to be found in "The journals of congress," 1744-88, 13 v., afterwards grouped in 4 v., (1823),. and in "The secret journals of congress," 4 V., (1821).

[For further references on the period ending with 1776, see the earlier edition of this list, (1881), p. 26.]

The proceedings of the early congresses may also be studied in Frothingham's "Rise of the republic," chs. 4-6; G. W. Greene's "Historical view of the American revolution," lect. 3, (1865); John Adams's "Works," v. 2; Wells's "Life of Samuel Adams,” v. 2; and Tucker's "Life of Thomas Jefferson," v. I.

[Full and minute references to these and the succeeding years will be found in Winsor's "Reader's handbook of the American revolution," (1879).]

For the text of the Declaration of Independence, see Poore, v. I, p. 3-6. An interesting indication of the growing spirit of national life is the use of the word "Continental." See Henry Reed's lectures, "The union,” (in “Annual report of the Smithsonian Institution,” Jan. 1, 1855, p. 156-80).

(d.) Attempts at government under the Articles of Confederation.
The text of the articles is given in Poore, v. 1, p. 7-12.

For a

history" of their adoption, see the " Secret journals of Congress," v. I, p. 265-448.

[They were first proposed by Franklin, July 21, 1775;* the committee on the Articles was appointed June 11, 1776; the Articles were passed by Congress Nov. 15, 1777; and became law, after being ratified by the requisite number of states, March 1, 1781.]

The theory underlying the Articles of Confederation was that of states with distinctively separate political functions. See Article II., (of Confederation), on “sovereignty, freedom, and independence." Compare Madison's statement, quoted in J. C. Hamilton's "History of the Republic," (1859), v. 3, p. 313; also Rives's "James Madison," v. 2, (1866), p. 371-72; also Story's "Commentaries on the constitution of the United States," (1833), v. 1, p. 165–66.

Compare also John Fiske's volume, "The critical period of American history," ch. 2 and 3, (1888).

See also the monograph by L. B. Prince, "The Articles of Confederation vs. the constitution," (1866).

5. In general principles of government.

A careful study of the relation in which the ideas of the framers stood to the development of the "representative principle" in govern

* See a communication on "Franklin's Articles of Confederation," by W. C. Ford, in The Nation, March 28, 1889, v. 48, p. 261-63.

ment, is made by John Fiske, in his "American political ideas," p. 57-100, (1885). Compare also his "Beginnings of New England," p. 1-49, (1889); also John Stuart Mill's "Considerations on representative government," (1860). See also John Adams's "Defence of the constitutions," (1787); James Monroe's "The people the sovereigns," (ed. 1867), in both of which the republics of antiquity are examined; also the writings of Hamilton and Jefferson. Compare also Montesquieu's "The spirit of laws," (1748); also "The American commonwealth," (1888), v. 1, p. 26, 275-82, by James Bryce, who regards the influence of Montesquieu an important factor in the American movement. See also the work by the Comte de Maistre, written as late as 1810, “Essai sur le principe générateur des constitutions," (Eng. trans., 1847). Compare also the more recent examinations of the theory of government, as Dr. Johann Kaspar Bluntschli's "Lehre vom modernen Stat," (1875-77), a portion of which appeared in an English translation under the title, "The theory of the state," (1885); also Dr. Theodore D. Woolsey's "Political science; or the state theoretically and practically considered," (2 v., 1877).

[For other references, see the lists in Andrews's "Brief institutes of our constitutional history," p. 281, 283, (lects. 3 and 4); also, for local government in particular, Woodward's "Reference list of works relating to municipal government, (1887); Dr. A. Shaw's "European municipal government," (1889); and Hodder's "References on municipal government in the United States," (1888).]

b. THE MORE IMMEDIATE CAUSES.

I. The inadequacy of the Articles of Confederation.

See especially John Fiske's article, "Weakness of the United States government under the Articles of Confederation,” Atlantic Monthly, May, 1886, v. 57, p. 577-89.

[This article of Mr. Fiske's forms one of a series, printed in the Atlantic, v. 57, p. 46–66, 351–62, 577-89; v. 58, p. 77-88. 376-85, 648-66; v. 59, p. 225-40, 817-32; v. 60, p. 673-91, 786-805. Portions of these have been reprinted in his volume, "The critical period of American history," (1888).]

Contemporary correspondence, 1779-87, is printed in Bancroft's "History of the formation of the constitution of the United States," v. I, p. 281-512; v. 2, p. 371-455, (1882). See also Madison's correspondence of 1782-83, in Gilpin's compilation, “The papers of James Madison," v. I, p. 469-580, (1840).