History of the people of the United States," v. 1-2, 1783-92 (1883, 1885). The two last named are still incomplete. That by McMaster avowedly deals less with the political than the social side of the subject, yet is of value for the former. See also the "Narrative and critical history of America,” v. 7, (1888). Also J. S. Landon's "Constitutional history and government of the United States," (1889).

[For enumeration of other general histories see C. K. Adams's "Manual of historical literature," ed. 1889, p. 669.]

(2) Discussions of the theory and practice of the United States government. Of these the two which are most comprehensive and adequate are by European writers, namely Alexis de Tocqueville's “Democratie en Amérique,” (Paris, 1835), the best English translation of which is published as "Democracy in America," edited by Francis Bowen, 2 v., 1862; and the very recent work of Mr. James Bryce, of the University of Oxford, "The American commonwealth," (London, 3 v., 1888; New York, 2 v., 1888). To these should be added also two of the publications of the distinguished French publicist, E. Boutmy, "Constitutions etrangéres," v. 1, ( ); and p. 83-216 of his "Études de Constitutionnel," (1885); H. von Holst's "Constitutional law of the United States of America," already cited; Lord Brougham's chapter on the "Government of the United States," in his "Political philosophy," (1844), v. 3, p. 323-40; and the late Sir Henry Sumner Maine's chapter on "The constitution of the United States," in his "Popular government," (1885). See also Mr. Bryce's paper "The predictions of Hamilton and De Tocqueville," in the Johns Hopkins University Studies, Sept., 1887, v. 5, p. 325-82. Also W. E. Gladstone's comments, in his article, "Kin beyond sea," North American Review, Sept., 1878, v. 127, p. 179–212, (reprinted in his "Gleanings of past years," (1878), Am. ed., v. 1, p. 203-48); E. A. Freeman's article, "Presidential government," National Review, Nov., 1864, v. 19, p. 1–26, (reprinted in his "Historical essays,” (1871), Ist series, p. 373-406); also his "Greater Greece and Greater Britain," (1886). See also E. Boutmy's "Etudes de droit constitutionnel," (1885), p. 83-216 being devoted to the United States; also his articles in the Revue Politique et Littéraire, (1884), "Des précautions á prendre dans l'étude des constitutions etrangéres;" also C. A. Cutter's comment on Boutmy, "A Frenchman on the American constitution," in The Nation, Aug. 21, 1884, v. 39, p. 154-55.

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Of works written by citizens of the United States, one of the most thoughtful is Elisha Mulford's "The nation: the foundations of civil order and political life in the United States," (1870). See also "The United States as a nation," (1876), by Joseph P. Thompson; Woolsey's "Political Science," 2 v., 1878; and John Fiske's lecture on "The federal union," in his "American political ideas," (1885), p. 57-100; and also the works, already cited under a previous heading, by Cooley, Pomeroy, Hurd, and Hare. A very suggestive examination of the principles of American government is in Professor J. L. Diman's article, (in review of Woolsey), in the New Englander, May, 1878, v. 37, p. 404-24. A valuable series of five lectures on "The United States constitution," by Professor Diman, (never yet published), furnished the occasion of the former edition of the present list of references, (ed. of 1881, p. 24-33). See also Willoughby's "Notes on the government and administration of the United States," to be published (1890) in the "Johns Hopkins University Studies." A work valuable for its tabulated information, rather than statements of theory, is Lamphere's "The United States government: its organization and practical workings," (1880). See also W. C. Ford's "American citizen's manual," 2 v., (1883).

[For references to other works, including several especially useful to young people, see the valuable bibliographical notes by E. D. Mead, in the "Old South manual" on "The constitution of the United States,' 1887. (p. 38-39). See also various references under the Civil Service of the United States, including those in the 1881 edition of Tract No. 2, P. 33-36.]

At certain intervals, valuable and interesting discussions on the American government have been called out by the recurrence of national events or anniversaries. For instance, the completion of fifty years, in 1839, was made the occasion of John Quincy Adams's suggestive address, "The jubilee of the constitution." The outbreak of the civil war in 1861 was the occasion of the appearance of various works, not only in English, but in French, German, and Spanish, on the government of the United States, the most important of these being those by Xavier Eyma, “La république américaine,” (Paris, 2 v., 1861), H. Loehnis, "Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika," (Leipzig, 1864), and, after the close of the war, that by Lastarria, "La América," (1867). During this same period also appeared, (Bremen, 2 v., 1864), W. Kiesselbach's suggestive study, "Der amerikanische Federalist." Two noteworthy works, appearing just after the close of the war, are John W. Draper's "Thoughts on the future civil policy of

America," (1865); and O. A. Brownson's "The American republic," (1867). The completion of the first hundred years from 1776 was signalized in Theodore D. Woolsey's "The experiment of the union," Harper's Magazine, Oct., 1875, v. 51, p. 671–86, reprinted in “The first century of the republic," (1876), p. 260-78. See also the article in the North American Review, Jan., 1876, v. 122, p. 60-87, on "Politics in America, 1776-1876," by W. G. Sumner; also the lectures of J. P. Thompson, "The United States as a nation," already cited. The oration at Philadelphia, on the 100th anniversary of the adoption of the constitution, Sept. 17, 1887, by Justice Samuel F. Miller, of the U. S. Supreme Court, (printed in Carson's "History of the celebration," v. 2, p. 262-90, (1889), also in his pamphlet (above cited) on "The constitution and the Supreme Court," and that of Chauncey M. Depew, at New York, on the 100th anniversary of Washington's inauguration, April 30, 1889, printed at p. 40–47 of “The Washington centenary, celebrated in New York, 1889," (1889), also reprinted in his "Orations and after-dinner speeches," (1890); the oration of Chief Justice Fuller, at Washington, Dec. II; and the addresses by E. J. Phelps, and others, at the One hundredth anniversary of the Supreme Court, New York, Feb. 4, 1890, are important and suggestive surveys of the subject.

On two other occasions Justice Miller has ably discussed the subject, in his three lectures on "The constitution of the United States," Washington, 1880; and his address on "The Supreme Court," at Ann Arbor, Mich., June 29, 1887. See also Alexander Johnston's article, "The first century of the constitution," New Princeton Review, Sept., 1887, v. 4, p. 175-90; also J. B. McMaster's article, “A century of constitutional interpretation," Century, April, 1889, v. 37, p. 866-78; also the two articles by Edward J. Phelps, on "The constitution of the United States," Nineteenth Century, Feb., 1888, v. 23, p. 297-316; March, 1888, v. 23, p. 441-57. See also "The constitutional history of the United States as seen in the development of American law," edited by H. W. Rogers, (1889), containing lectures by Judges Cooley, Hitchcock, and others. "A true republic," (1879), by Albert Stickney, is a suggestive discussion of principles, as are also Mr. Stickney's later volumes, "Democratic government," and "The political problem," above cited. Even more suggestive is Woodrow Wilson's " Congressional government," (1884), which showed an exceptional grasp of one phase of the subject; Mr. Wilson has since published a more comprehensive treatise, “The state; ele

ments of historical and practical politics," (1889). See also Crane and Moses's volume, “Politics; an introduction to the study of comparative constitutional law," (1883). See also A. L. Lowell's "Essays on government," (1889); also John W. Burgess's article, "The commonwealth," Political Science Quarterly, March, 1886, v. I, P. 9-35.

[For further references, see Winsor, v. 7, p. 260-66. Numerous other works bearing on the American constitution and government during the civil war are to be found in the Harris Collection on Slavery and the Rebellion, in the Providence Public Library.]

(3) Comparison with constitutional government elsewhere.

The comparison is, of course, incidentally made in the works by A. de Tocqueville, E. Boutmy, H. von Holst, Bryce, and Maine; also, Bagehot's "English constitution," already cited above. It is made with specific directness, in several other works;—with English constitutional government in P. F. Aiken's “Comparative view of the constitutions of Great Britain and the United States," (1842); H. S. Tremenheere's "The constitution of the United States compared with our own," (i.e. the English), (1854); S. M. Johnson's government in England and America," (1864). See also J. I. C. Hare's lecture on Certain points of distinction between the English and American constitutions," (1880), and R. W. Russell's "America compared with England," (1849).

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[For other references, see Winsor's notes at p. 265-66 of v. 7 of "Narrative and critical history of America," (1888); also p. 32-33 of the earlier edition (1881) of the present list.]

The original documents on which such comparison is based are collected in Francis Bowen's "Documents of the constitution of England and America," (1854). Compare also Bishop Stubbs's "Select charters and other illustrations of English constitutional history," (1870; new ed., 1874); Richard Thomson's "Historical essay on the Magna Charta of King John," with other charters, (1829); and H. W. Preston's "Documents illustrative of American history," (1886).

For comparison with Canada, see especially J. E. C. Munro's volume, The constitution of Canada," (1889); also J. G. Bourinot's" Federal government in Canada,” in Johns Hopkins University Studies, v. 7, p. 457-618, (1889); also A. Todd's "Parliamentary government in the British colonies," (1880); also Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke's recent comprehensive work on the "Problems of Greater Britain ;"

also "Imperial federation as discussed in A. P. Martin's "Australia and the empire," (1889), by J. R. Seeley, in his "Expansion of England," (1883); and in the essay on that subject in E. A. Freeman's "Greater Greece and greater Britain," p. 104-43; also in T. W. Reid's "Life of William Edward Forster ; and the Marquis of Lorne's volume, "Imperial federation," (1888).

For comparison with Germany, see Kuno Francke's paper on "The parliamentary experiment in Germany," (1887), in "Papers of the American Historical Association," v. 3, p. 133-46; also P. Laband's "Der Staat des deutschen Reiches," (1888); also H. von Sybel's "Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I.," (v. 1-2, 1889).

For other Teutonic peoples, see T. H. Aschehoug's "Der Staat der vereinigte Königreiche Schweden und Norwegen," (1886); also J. W. Burgess's article, "The recent constitutional crisis in Norway," Political Science Quarterly, June, 1886, v. 1, p. 259–94; also the references given by Professor Burgess, p. 259 of same article.

Also, on the Netherlands, L. de Hartog's "Der Staat des Königreichs der Niederlande," (1886).

On the Swiss political institutions, see E. A. Freeman's article, "The federal constitution of Switzerland," Fortnightly Review, Oct. 15, 1865, v. 2, p. 533-48; J. M. Vincent's paper, A study in Swiss History," (1887), in " Papers of the American Historical Association," v. 3, p. 146-64; and The Swiss confederation," by Sir F. O. Adams and C. D. Gunningham, (1889). See also Jakob Dubs's "Das öffentliche Recht der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft," (1878); and B. Moses's "The federal government of Switzerland; an essay on the constitntion," (1889).

On Italy, see G. Carnazza's "Il diretto costituzionale italiano," (1886); C. de Mazade's Life of Count Cavour," (1877); and G. J. Watrous's article, "Politics in Italy, in 1886,” New Englander, May, 1886, v. 45, p. 385-407; also the Countess Cesaresco Martinengo's "Italian characters in the epoch of unification," (1890).

[For further references on Italy, see Monthly Reference Lists, Sept., 1881, v. 1, p. 33, 35.]

On Spain, Victor Du Hamel's "Histoire constitutionelle de la monarchie espagnole,” (1845); also J. L. M. Curry's “Constitutional government in Spain," (1889).

Exceptional interest perhaps attaches to the constitutional experiment in France as compared with this country. On the origin of the repub