hairs, and when fully grown thick and rigid, bright yellow-green and lustrous above, paler, lustrous, and glabrous below, with large tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the veins, 3′-12′ long, 1'-10' wide, but usually about 5′ long and broad, with broad yellow or red-brown midribs, turning brown or dull yellow before falling in the autumn; their petioles stout, grooved, '-' long. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy redstemmed aments 4'-5′ long; calyx puberulous and divided into 4 or 5 ovate acute lobes; pistillate on short stout tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales bright red, pubescent, hairy at the margins; stigmas dark red. Fruit short-stalked, usually solitary; acorn oval, full and rounded at the ends, about 1' long and 4' broad, dull light brown, covered at the apex by a thin coat of snow-white tomentum, inclosed for about one third its length in a thin turbinate cup often gradually narrowed into a stout stalk-like base, light red-brown, lustrous, and puberulous on the inner surface, covered by ovate-oblong rounded scales extending above the rim of the cup and down over the upper third of the inner surface, and hoary-pubescent except on their thin bright red margins. A tree, usually 20°-30°, or occasionally 50°-60° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2o in diameter, stout spreading more or less contorted branches forming a narrow open irregular generally round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at first with stellate articulate hairs, nearly glabrous and deep red when the leaves are half grown, dark red in their first winter, gradually growing dark brown; generally much smaller and sometimes shrubby. Winter-buds elongated, acute, ' long, with light chestnut-brown scales erose on the thin margins, and coated, especially toward the point of the bud, with rusty pubescence. Bark '-1' thick, red internally, dark gray tinged with red on the surface, and at the base of old trunks becoming nearly black, deeply and irregularly furrowed and broken into small appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fuel. Distribution. Dry barren sandy ridges and sandy bluffs and hummocks in the neighborhood of the coast; North Carolina to Cape Malabar and the shores of Peace Creek, Florida, and to eastern Louisiana; comparatively rare toward the western limits of its range, and most abundant and of its largest size on the high bluff-like shores of bays and estuaries in South Carolina and Georgia. 10. Quercus nana, Sarg. Bear Oak. Scrub Oak. Leaves obovate or rarely oblong, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, divided by wide shallow sinuses into 3-7, usually 5, acute lobes, the terminal lobe ovate, elongated, rounded and 3-toothed or acute and dentate or entire at the apex, the lateral lobes spreading, mostly triangular and acute, or those of the upper pair broad, oblique and repand-lobulate, or broad at the apex, slightly 3-lobed and entire below, or deeply 3-lobed above and sinuate below, or occasionally oblong to oblong-obovate and entire, with undulate margins, dull red and puberulous or pubescent on the upper surface and coated on the lower and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum when they unfold, when half grown light yellow-green, lustrous, slightly pubescent above and tomentose below, with conspicuous tufts of silvery white hairs in the axils of the veins, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous above, covered below with pale or silvery white pubescence, 2'-5' long, 1-3′ wide, with stout yellow midribs and slender primary veins, turning dull scarlet or yellow before falling in the autumn; their petioles slender, glabrous, or pubescent, 1'-1' long. Flowers: staminate in hairy aments 4'-5′ long, and often persistent until midsummer; calyx red or green tinged with red and irregularly divided into 3-5 ovate rounded lobes shorter than the stamens, with bright red ultimately yellow anthers; pistillate on stout tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales ovate, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes, red, and tomentose; stigmas dark red. Fruit produced in great profusion, sessile or stalked, in pairs or rarely solitary; acorn ovoid, broad, flat or rounded at the base, gradually narrowed and acute or rounded at the apex, about 'long and broad, light brown, lustrous, usually faintly striate, inclosed for about one half its length in the cup-shaped or saucershaped cup often abruptly enlarged above the stalk-like base, thick, light reddish brown and puberulous within, and covered by thin ovate closely imbricated redbrown puberulous scales acute or truncate at the apex, the minute free tips of the upper scales forming a fringe-like border to the cup. A tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, with slender spreading branches usually forming a round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green more or less tinged with red and hoary-pubescent at first, during their first winter red-brown or ashy gray and pubescent or puberulous, becoming glabrous and darker in their second year and ultimately dark brown or nearly black; more frequently an intricately branched shrub, with numerous contorted stems 3°-10° tall. Winter-buds ovate, obtuse, about ' long, with dark chestnut-brown rather loosely imbricated glabrous or pilose scales. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown, covered by small closely appressed scales. Distribution. Dry sandy barrens and rocky hillsides; coast of eastern Maine southward through eastern and southern New England to eastern Pennsylvania and along the Alleghany Mountains to southern Virginia, and westward to the shores of Lake George and the valley of the Hudson River; common in eastern and southern New England, in the Pine barrens of New Jersey, and in eastern Pennsylvania. 11. Quercus digitata, Sudw. Spanish Oak. Leaves oblong or obovate, generally narrowed and wedge-shaped or abruptly wedge-shaped or rounded and slightly narrowed at the base, sometimes divided by deep wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into 3, 5, or 7 lobes, the terminal lobe generally much elongated, often falcate, acute, entire or repand-dentate at the apex, the lateral lobes oblique and spreading or often falcate, gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute, and entire; or oblong-obovate and divided at the broad apex by wide or narrow sinuses broad and rounded at the bottom into 3 rounded or acute entire or dentate lobes, and entire and gradually narrowed below into an acuto or rounded base, the two forms usually occurring on different but sometimes on the same tree; hanging closely appressed against the stem when they unfold, when fully grown thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above, coated below with soft close pale or rusty pubescence, 6'-7' long and 4'-5' wide, obscurely reticulate-venulose, with stout tomentose midribs and primary veins, turning brown or dull orange color in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, flattened, 1'-2' long. Flowers: staminate in tomentose aments, 3'-5' long; calyx thin and scarious, pubescent on the outer surface, divided into 4 or 5 ovate rounded segments; pistillate on stout tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales coated with rusty tomentum, as long or rather shorter than the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked; acorn subglobose to ellipsoidal, full and rounded at the apex, truncate and rounded at the base, about long, bright orange-brown, inclosed only at the base or sometimes for one third its length in a thin saucer-shaped cup flat on the bottom or gradually narrowed from a stalk-like base, or deep and turbinate, bright red-brown and puberulous on the inner surface, covered by thin ovate-oblong reddish scales acute or rounded at the apex and pale-pubescent except on the margins. A tree, usually 70°-80° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout spreading branches forming a broad round-topped open head, and stout branchlets coated at first, like the young leaves, with a thick rusty or orange-colored clammy tomentum of articulate hairs, dark red or reddish brown and pubescent or rarely glabrous during their first winter, becoming in their second year dark red-brown or ashy gray. Winter-buds ovoid or oval, acute, '-' long, with bright chestnut-brown puberulous or pilose scales ciliate, with short pale hairs. Bark '-1' thick, dark brown, and divided by shallow fissures into broad ridges covered by thin closely appressed scales. Wood hard, strong, not durable, coarse-grained, light red, with thick lighter colored sapwood; sometimes used in construction, and largely as fuel. The bark is rich in tannin, and is used in tanning leather and occasionally in medicine. Distribution. Southern New Jersey southward to central Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, through Arkansas and south western Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Indiana and Illinois; in the north Atlantic states only in the neighborhood of the coast and comparatively rare; very common in the south Atlantic and Gulf states on dry hills between the coast plain and the Appalachian Mountains; less abundant in the southern maritime Pine belt. 12. Quercus pagodæfolia, Ashe. Swamp Spanish Oak. Red Oak. Leaves oval to oblong, acuminate, gradually narrowed and cuneate, or full and rounded or rarely truncate at the base, deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into 5-11 acuminate usually entire repand-dentate lobes often falcate and spreading at right angles to the midrib or pointed toward the apex of the leaf, when they unfold coated with pale tomentum, thickest on the lower surface, and dark red on the upper surface, at maturity dark green and very lustrous above, pale and tomentose below, 6'-8′ long and 5′-6′ wide, with stout midribs usually puberulous on the upper side, slender primary veins arched to the points of the lobes, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning bright clear yellow before falling in the autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent or tomentose, 14'-2' long. Flowers: staminate in clustered slender villous aments 2'-3' long; calyx thin, scarious, pubescent on the outer surface, more or less deeply tinged with red, divided into 4 or 5 rounded segments; pistillate on 1-3-flowered tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales hoary-tomentose, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit short-stalked or nearly sessile; acorn ovate to subglobose, light yellow-brown, puberulous toward the rounded apex, about §' in diameter, inclosed for nearly one half its FIG 197 length in a flat or slightly turbinate cup thin, slightly lobed on the border, glabrous on the inner surface, and covered by oblong rather loosely imbricated scales palepubescent except on their dark margins. A tree, sometimes 120° high, with a trunk 4°-5° in diameter, heavy branches forming in the forest a short narrow crown, or in more open situations wide-spreading or ascending and forming a great open head, and slender branchlets hoary tomentose at first, tomentose or pubescent during their first winter, and dark reddish brown and puberulous during their second year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, often prominently 4-angled, about ' long, with light red-brown puberulous scales sometimes ciliate at the apex. Bark about 1' thick and roughened by small rather closely appressed plate-like light gray or gray-brown scales. Wood light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood; largely manufactured into lumber in the Mississippi valley and valued almost as highly as white oak. Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and the alluvial banks of streams; southwestern Virginia to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states and Arkansas to southern Missouri, western Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Illinois and Indiana; most abundant and one of the largest and most valuable timber-trees in the river swamps of the Yazoo basin, Mississippi, and of eastern Arkansas. 13. Quercus Marilandica, Muench. Black Jack. Jack Oak. Leaves broadly obovate, rounded or cordate at the narrow base, usually 3 or rarely 5-lobed at the broad and often abruptly dilated apex, with short or long, broad or narrow, rounded or acute, entire or dentate lobes, or entire or dentate at the apex, sometimes oblong-obovate, undulate-lobed at the broad apex and entire below or FIG. 198 equally 3-lobed, with elongated spreading lateral lobes broad and lobulate at the apex, when they unfold coated with a clammy tomentum of articulate hairs, and bright pink on the upper surface, at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and very lustrous above, yellow, orange color, or brown and scurfypubescent below, usually 6′-7′ long and broad, with thick broad orange-colored midribs, turning brown or yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles stout, yellow, glabrous or pubescent, '-' long. Flowers: staminate in hoary aments 2'4' long; calyx thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, pale-pubescent on the outer surface, divided into 4 or 5 broad ovate rounded lobes; anthers apiculate, dark red; pistillate on short rusty-tomentose peduncles coated like their involucral scales with thick rusty tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit, solitary or in pairs, usually pedunculate; acorn oblong, full and rounded at the ends, rather broader below than above the middle, about long, light yellow-brown and often striate, the shell lined with dense fulvous tomentum, inclosed for one third to nearly two thirds its length in a thick turbinate light brown cup puberulous on the inner surface, and covered by large reddish brown loosely imbricated scales often ciliate and coated with loose pale or rusty tomentum, the upper scales smaller, erect, inserted on the top of the cup in several rows, and forming a thick rim round its inner surface, or occasionally reflexed and covering the upper half of the inner surface of the cup. A tree, 20°-30°, or occasionally 40°-50° high, with a trunk rarely more than 18' |