brownish, pubescent, long. Bark generally less than thick, smooth, light gray, divided on the surface into minute scales. Wood hard, close-grained, light, not strong, light brown, with thick light yellow sapwood of about 40 layers of annual growth. Distribution. Sheltered valleys in deep rich soil; nowhere common, and growing generally in isolated groups of a few individuals in the region about the base of

the southern Alleghany Mountains from North Carolina and southeastern Kentucky to middle and western Florida, southern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana, and in central Arkansas.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, and in the temperate countries of Europe; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

5. Magnolia tripetala, L. Umbrella-tree. Elkwood.

Leaves obovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the ends, acute or bluntly pointed at the apex, when they unfold nearly glabrous above, covered below with thick silky caducous tomentum, at maturity membranaceous, glabrous, 18'-20' long, 8'-10' wide, with thick prominent midribs and numerous slender primary veins, falling in the autumn with little change of color; their petioles stout, 1'-1' long. Flowers on slender glabrous peduncles covered with a glaucous bloom and 2'-2' long, cupshaped, creamy white, 4'-5' deep; sepals narrowly obovate, 5'-6' long, 1, wide, thin, light green, becoming reflexed; petals 6 or 9, concave, coriaceous, ovate, shortpointed, erect, those of the outer row 4'-5' long and sometimes 2' wide, much longer and broader than those of the inner rows; filaments bright purple. Fruit ovate, glabrous, 21'4' long, rose color when fully ripe; seeds obovoid, 'long.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a straight or often inclining trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, stout irregularly developed contorted branches wide-spreading nearly at right angles with the stem or turning up toward the ends and growing parallel with it, and stout brittle branchlets green during their first season, becoming in their first winter bright reddish brown, very lustrous, and marked by occasional minute scattered pale lenticels, and by the large oval horizontal slightly raised leaf-scars, with scattered fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and brown during their second and gray during their third season; generally much smaller, sometimes surrounded by several stems springing from near the base of the trunk and growing into a large bush

surmounted by the head of the central stem. Winter-buds: terminal, acute or bluntly pointed, purple, glabrous, covered with a glacous bloom, usually about l' long; axillary globose, the color of the branch. Bark thick, light gray, smooth, and marked by many small bristle-like excrescences. Wood light, soft, closegrained, not strong, light brown, with creamy white sapwood of 35-40 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Deep rather moist rich soil along the banks of mountain streams or the margins of swamps, and widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountain region, but nowhere very common; valley of the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania, to southern Alabama, middle Kentucky and Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and

in central and southwestern Arkansas, extending in the south Atlantic states nearly to the coast; of its largest size in the valleys along the western slopes of the Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northern States, and in northern and central Europe.

6. Magnolia Fraseri, Walt. Mountain Magnolia. Long-leaved Cucumber

tree.

Leaves obovate-spatulate, acute or bluntly pointed at the apex, cordate and conspicuously auriculate at the base, bright green and often marked on the upper surface when young with red along the principal veins, glabrous, 10'-12' long, 6'-7' wide, or on vigorous young plants sometimes of twice that size, falling in the autumn without change of color; their petioles slender, 3'-4' long. Flowers on stout glabrous peduncles covered with a glaucous bloom and 1'-1' long, creamy white, sweetly scented, 8'-10' in diameter; sepals narrowly obovate, rounded at the apex, 4'-5' long, deciduous almost immediately after the opening of the bud, shorter than the 6 or 9 obovate acuminate membranaceous spreading petals contracted below the middle, those of the inner rows narrower and conspicuously narrowed below. Fruit oblong, glabrous, bright rose-red when fully ripe, 4'-5' long, 1'-2' wide, the mature carpels ending in long subulate persistent tips; seeds obovoid, compressed, §' long.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a straight or inclining trunk 12'-18' in diameter, often undivided for half its length or separating at the ground into a number of stout diverging stems, regular wide-spreading or more or less contorted and erect branches, and stout brittle branchlets soon becoming bright red-brown, lustrous, marked by numerous minute pale lenticels and in their first winter by the low horizontal leaf-scars with crowded compressed fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and grayish in their second year. Winter-buds: terminal, glabrous, purple, 1'-2' long, wide; axillary, minute, and obtuse. Bark rarely more than thick, dark brown, smooth, covered

by small excrescences, or on old trees broken into minute scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown, with thick creamy white sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Valleys of the streams of the southern Appalachian Mountains from southwestern Virginia to northern Georgia and Alabama, eastern Tennessee and northern Mississippi; probably most abundant and of its largest size on the upper waters of the Savannah River in South Carolina.

Often cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states, and occasionally in the temperate countries of Europe; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

7. Magnolia pyramidata, Pursh.

Leaves obovate-spatulate, the apex usually abruptly narrowed into a short blunt point, auriculate at the base, with more or less spreading lobes, thin, glabrous, light yellow-green on the upper, pale and glaucous on the lower surface, particularly while young, 5-8 long, from 3-4 wide, with slender yellow midribs, numerous slender forked primary veins and conspicuously reticulate veinlets; their petioles slender, 14'2 in length. Flowers creamy white, 3-4' in diameter when fully expanded; sepals oblong-obovate, abruptly narrowed to the short pointed apex, much shorter than the oblong-acuminate petals gradually narrowed from near the middle to the base. Fruit oblong, 2'-2' long, bright rose color, the mature carpels ending in short incurved persistent tips; seeds ovate, compressed.

A slender tree, 20°-30° high, with ascending branches, slender branchlets bright red-brown and marked by small pale lenticels and by the small low oval leaf-scars, with many crowded fibro-vascular bundle-scars, later becoming ashy gray.

Distribution. Low rich soil near the streams of the coast region from southern Georgia through western Florida to southern Alabama.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in western Europe.

2. LIRIODENDRON, L.

Trees, with deeply furrowed brown bitter bark and slender branchlets marked by elevated leaf-scars and narrow stipular rings, and compressed obtuse winter-buds, their scales membranaceous stipules joined at the edges, accrescent, strap-shaped, often slightly falcate, oblique at the unequal base, tardily deciduous after the unfolding of the leaf. Leaves recurved in the bud by the bending down of the petiole near the middle, bringing the apex of the blade to the base of the bud, sinuately 4-lobed, heart-shaped, truncate or slightly wedge-shaped at the base, truncate at the apex by a broad shallow sinus and minutely apiculate. Flowers appearing after the unfolding of the leaves, cup-shaped, conspicuous, inclosed in the bud in a 2-valved stipular membranaceous caducous spathe; sepals spreading or reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, concave, greenish white, early deciduous; petals erect, rounded at the base, early deciduous; filaments filiform, half as long as the linear 2-celled extrorse anthers adnate to the outer face of the connective terminating in a short fleshy point; pistils imbricated on the elongated sessile receptacle into a spindle-shaped column; ovary inserted by a broad base; style narrowly acuminate, laterally flattened, appressed; stigmas short, recurved at the summit; ovules 2, suspended from near the middle of the ventral suture. Fruit a narrow light brown cone formed of the closely imbricated dry and woody indehiscent carpels consisting of a laterally compressed 4-ribbed pericarp, the lateral ribs confluent into the margins of the large wing-like lanceolate compressed style marked vertically by a thin sutural line, the carpels deciduous when ripe in the autumn from the slender elongated axis of the fruit persistent on the branch during the winter. Seeds suspended, 2 or single by abortion; testa thin, coriaceous, and marked by a narrow prominent raphe; embryo minute at the base of the fleshy albumen, its radicle next the hilum.

Liriodendron, widely distributed in North America and Europe during the crustaceous period, is now represented by two species, one in eastern North America, the other in central China.

Liriodendron, from Aíptov and dévopov, is descriptive of the lily-like flower.

1. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Yellow Poplar. Tulip-tree.

Leaves dark green and shining on the upper, paler on the lower surface, 5'-6′ long and broad, turning clear yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, angled, 5'-6′ long. Flowers 1-2′ deep, on slender peduncles '-1' long. Fruit 2-3' long, about 'wide, ripening late in September and in October, the mature carpels 1'-1' long and about 'wide.

A tree, sometimes nearly 200° high, with a straight trunk 8°-10° in diameter, destitute of branches for 80°-100° from the ground, short, comparatively small branches forming a narrow pyramidal, or in old age a broader spreading head, and slender branchlets light yellow-green and often covered with a glaucous bloom during their first summer, reddish brown, lustrous, and marked by many small pale lenticels and roughened by the elevated orbicular or semiorbicular leaf-scars marked by numerous small scattered fibro-vascular bundle-scars during their first winter, and dark gray during their third year. Winter-buds dark red covered by a glaucous bloom, the terminal long, much longer than the lateral buds. Bark thin and scaly

Fig. 260

on young trees, becoming deeply furrowed, brown, and 1'-2′ thick. Wood light, soft, brittle, not strong, easily worked, light yellow or brown, with thin creamy white sapwood; largely manufactured into lumber used in construction, the interior finish of houses, boatbuilding, and for shingles, brooms, and woodenware. The intensely acrid bitter inner bark, especially of the root, is used domestically as a tonic and stimulant, and hydrochlorate of tulipiferine, an alkaloid separated from the bark, possesses the property of stimulating the heart.

Distribution. Deep rich rather moist soil on the intervales of streams or on mountain slopes; Rhode Island to southwestern Vermont, and westward to the southern shores of Lake Michigan, southward to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas; most abundant and of its largest size in the valleys of the lower Ohio basin, and on the lower slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, and in western and central Europe.