Geib, Susan. "Landscape and Faction: Spatial Transformation in William Bentley's Salem." Essex Institute Historical Collections. 1977; 113.

Kimball, Fiske. "The Elias Hasket Derby Mansion in Salem." Essex Institute Historical Collections. 1924; LX. Reprint of article in Landscape Architecture.

Kimball, Fiske. "An American Gardener of the Old School." Landscape Architecture. January 1925; XV(2). Early effort to document the career of George Heussler.

Lockwood, Alice G. B. Gardens of Colony and State. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons for the Garden Club of America; 1931. The author of the chapter "Salem and Environs" utilizes all of the information available about Heussler at that time -- quoting William Bentley, Eliza Southgate Bowne, and Manasseh Cutler. She described Heussler's gardens and paid tribute to his pioneering role as a professional gardener in Newburyport and Salem, Ma.

Manning, Robert (Ed.). History of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1829-1878. Boston, MA: Rand, Avery, for the Society; 1880. Because the Massachusetts Horticultural Society was one of the earliest of such organizations in this country (founded in 1829), its history is particularly interesting and enlightening for those pursuing the development of American gardening practice and art. Manning credits Heussler with "the introduction of many valuable fruits, and for developing a taste for gardening."

Moore, Margaret. "'The Laudable Art of Gardening': The Contributions of Salem's George Heussler." Essex Institute Historical Collections. April 1988; 124(2). The most thorough and scholarly treatment of Heussler. With I access to the private Felt-White papers, Moore has contributed details that begin to flesh out the story of Heussler, including his friendship with Samuel McIntire, carver and architect.

Northend, Mary H. Memories of Old Salem. New York, New York: Moffatt, Yard and Company; 1917. It is likely that the letters that are the basis for this book were contemporaneous, or nearly so, with the years during which Heussler lived and worked in Salem, MA. Although Northend describes the in-town Elias Haskett Derby conservatory and garden, she does not directly attribute the garden design to Heussler, as some other writers do. Her statement that "through his [Heussler's] artistic work [he] added much to Salem's gardens" is a matter of interest, since Kimball and Moore, two credible sources,

downplay Heussler's creativity and emphasize his adherence to formal design.

Rogers, Ruthanne C. "George Heussler: Professional Landscape Gardener." Labyrinth. 1992; 2. Brief article that discusses Heussler as "an important transitional figure in the history of New England landscape gardening."

Salem Gazette. 1793-1799. Several issues during this period contain advertisements for nursery stock and seeds for sale by George Heussler.

Underwood, Mrs. George L. "The Derby-Osborn Farm, Peabody, with its McIntire Summer House and Barn." Old-Time New England. October 1925; XVI(2). This article is a chatty and minimally documented. Several interesting bits of information not previously noted by other authors might, however, lead to new pathways of research.

The holdings of The Essex Institute, Salem, MA, include a copy of an ornate 1772 certificate attesting to Heussler's European training in Landau under Johann Peter Wendland, pleasure and kitchen gardener, and the original 1779 commendation signed by Count Johann Melchior of the Court of Prince Carl Wilhelm of Nassau and addressed "especially to those who are partial to his Highlovely Art of Gardening." The privately held FeltWhite Collection, which was extensively referred to in Moore's article above, is apparently a rich source of information about George Heussler.

Contributed by Ruthanne Rogers

Hoyt, Roland Stewart, b. 1890, d. 1968. Roland S. Hoyt was born and raised in Iowa. He earned a B.S. from Iowa State (1915) and then studied landscape architecture at Harvard University for two years before his education was interrupted by service in WWI.

Returning to Iowa following the War, Hoyt worked as Vice President and Manager of Capitol City Nurseries landscape department (1919-1922). In that capacity he helped landscape the grounds of Iowa's state capitol. In 1922, Hoyt moved to California where he worked as a landscape architect for the Olmsted Brothers firm on the Palos Verdes project. Then, in 1926, he moved to San Diego, where he worked for the Southland Corporation

Point Loma development firm, before opening his own private practice two years later.

Hoyt's earliest commissions included Muirlands, a hilltop neighborhood overlooking the La Jolla coast, and Presidio Park, San Diego, CA, a privately funded enterprise that encompassed the original site of California's first mission later the site of one of the four Spanish presidios, or forts. At Presidio Park, Hoyt acted as an advisor to George Marston, the civic leader and philanthropist who had engaged renowned city planner John Nolen to create a long-range plan for San Diego. In the park, Marston built the Serra Museum (1929, William Templeton Johnson, architect) to create a monument to "the birthplace of Western civilization on the Pacific Coast." Hoyt, along with George Marston and park supervisor Percy Broell landscaped the park in accordance with John Nolen's concepts (Nolen was working from his Cambridge, MA office.)

As he continued his work in California, Hoyt maintained notes regarding the plants he used in his landscapes. From these, he devised an index card system for his special needs, gradually amassing data about the cultural requirements and landscape performance of hundreds of specimens. He published this material as Planting Lists for Southern California (1933), then, for the next five years, refined his reference handbook and reissued it as Checklists of Ornamental Plants for Subtropical Regions (1938, still in print). Hoyt participated in the landscaping of the 1935-1936 California Pacific International Exposition in San Diego, CA, and had several other large commissions among them State College (now San Diego State University) and Navy housing projects.

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From 1938 through 1944, Hoyt edited California Garden, the magazine of the San Diego Floral Association, thereafter producing numerous illustrated articles about unusual plants, neighborhood planning, and urban ecology. Hoyt also served as a member of the San Diego Park Commission (1943-1947) and, after 1947, as Consulting Landscape Architect for the city's largest recreation area, Mission Bay Park. In 1960, when the Salk Institute was established in La Jolla, CA, Hoyt landscaped the campus surrounding Louis Kahn's striking science complex with an arboretum of uncommon eucalyptus varieties. Hoyt's last large commission was the 1964 landscaping of the downtown Civic Concourse.

During the early 1960s, Roland Hoyt became the nucleus of a professional group that established the San Diego chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects, and, in 1964, he was elected a Fellow.

Hottes, Alfred C. "His Work is His Biography." California Garden. Winter 1951; 42(4): 9, 15. Anecdotal account of Hoyt's career. Photo.

Hoyt, Roland Stewart. [Checklists for] Ornamental Plants of Subtropical Regions. Anaheim, CA: Livingston Press; 1933 (Revised 1958). A plant reference handbook for southern California landscape architects.

Hoyt, Roland Stewart. "Roland Hoyt Recommends." California Garden. A semi-regular series of plant portraits that appeared between 1956 and 1966. (Magazines on file at San Diego Historical Society.)

Marston, George White. "Presidio Park: A Statement of George W. Marston in 1942." Journal of San Diego History. Spring, 1986; XXXII(2): 103-115. Typeset copy of a letter from George Marston describing development of Presidio Park. Discusses roles of John Nolen, Ralph D. Cornell and Hoyt.

O'Connor, Michael. "Verdant Vision Will Turn Community Concourse into a Garden Gem." California Garden. August/September. 1964; 55(4): 14-15. Story about downtown project reprinted from The San Diego Union with added biography and sidebar announcement of Hoyt's July, 1964 election as Fellow. Includes a photo of Hoyt.

A number of archival collections exist in San Diego, CA that maintain holdings on Hoyt and other practitioners in the area. These include the San Diego Historical Society, which has scrapbooks, local history books, box-files, pamphlet files, back issues of SDHS Journals, plans (architectural and landscape), local magazines, oral histories and videos. The San Diego Floral Association, publisher of California Gardens, maintains a small garden library with indexed, bound file copies of the magazine. The Copley Library, University of San Diego, CA houses relevant master's theses. Its Special Collections maintain UCSD campus plans, early photos of San Diego and miscellaneous papers of some of the city's founders (including herbarium sheets of local flora) as well as microfiche copies of the San Diego Union, which contains articles relating to San Diego practitioners. The California State Board of Landscape Architects, Sacramento, CA maintains files on all licensed practitioners (since licensure in 1954).

Contributed by Carol Greentree

Hubbard joined the Olmsted Brothers office (1906), and then entered into the partnership of Pray, Hubbard and White (1911) before returning to the Olmsted office (1920). He served as a planning consultant to Boston, MA, Baltimore, MD, and Providence, RI, as well as the Federal Housing Authority, the Tennessee Valley Authority and the National Park Service. Hubbard was a member of the National Capitol Park and Planning Commission (1932-1947). He succeeded Ferruccio Vitale as a Trustee of the American Academy in Rome (1934). He was also elected a Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects (1910) and served as that organization's President (1931-1934.)

In addition to his work as a consultant, Hubbard had a 33-year teaching career at Harvard University (1906-1939), serving as Chair of the Harvard School of City Planning and Charles Dyer Norton Professor of Regional Planning. He was also a founder, with Charles Downing Lay and Robert Wheelwright, of Landscape Architecture, the journal of ASLA (1910.)

Hubbard was a prolific writer and editor, and produced many important works in landscape architecture and city planning. Hubbard and Theodora Kimball, librarian of the Harvard Graduate School of Design, co-authored An Introduction to the Study of Landscape Design (1917), the first, and for many years, standard, text in landscape architecture, which was revised in 1929 and reprinted many times, most recently in 1967. Kimball and Hubbard married in 1925. They founded and edited the journal City Planning (beginning 1925), and collaborated on Our Cities To-day and To-morrow: A Survey of Planning and Zoning Progress in the United States (1929.) Hubbard also collaborated with city planner John Nolen on two important planning studies, Airports (1930) and Parkways and Land Values (1937.)

"F[ederal] H[ousing] A[dministration] Studies Defense Housing and Neighborhood Rehabilitation." American City. September 1940; 55(9): 115. Under the direction of Hubbard.

American Country Houses of Today. New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co; 1913. Book contains many photos, some plans, a list of contributors and no text. Includes plans and/or photos of the estates of T.A. Crimmins, West Newton, MA; Balch, Topfield, MA; and Porter Fleming, Augusta, GA (pp. 175-177) by Pray, Hubbard and White.

"Obituary of Henry V. Hubbard." American Society of Planning Officials Newsletter. October 1947; 13(10): 91.

"Awards." Architectural Forum. April 1940; 72(4): 96. Announcement of title of Professor Emeritus as of September 1941.

Baltimore, MD Commission on City Plan (Henry V. Hubbard, Consultant). Redevelopment of Blighted Areas in Baltimore: Conditions of Blight, Some Remedies and Their Relative Costs. Baltimore, MD: The Commission; 1945. 102 pages. Richly illustrated with maps, photos and plans.

Bettman, Alfred. "Review: Airports, Their Location, Administration and Legal Basis by Henry V. Hubbard, et al." City Planning. January 1931; 7(1): 57-59.

Comey, Arthur C. and McNamara, Katherine, in collaboration with Henry V. Hubbard, Howard K. Menhinick, and the U. S. National Resources Committee. State and National Planning: An Analysis of the Subject Arranged with Particular Reference to the Classification of Library Material; with Alphabetic Subject Index. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1937. 22 pages.

Elwood, P. H. Jr.
Jr. (Ed.). American Landscape
Architecture. New York, NY: Architectural Book
Publishing Co.; 1924. Two views of Hubbard design in
W. Newton, MA.

Ellwood], Philip] H. "Henry V. Hubbard: Landscape Architect, Educator, City and Regional Planner." Horizons. Fall 1947; 20(2): [9]. Obituary and photo of Hubbard along with five colleagues at Colonial Williamsburg, VA.

"New School of City Planning at Harvard." Engineering News-Record. 31 October 1929; 103(18): 708. Photo of Hubbard.

"Review: Airports, Their Location, Administration and Legal Basis by Henry V. Hubbard, et al." Engineering News-Record. 26 February 1931; 106(9): 368-369.