The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854

absolute temperature adiabatic adiabatic process analysis argument assumed assumption calculation Caloric Theory Carnot cycle CARNOT-CLAPEYRON Theorem CARNOT's General Axiom CARNOT's theory claims CLAPEYRON classical thermodynamics CLAUSIUS Concepts and Logic conclude const constant density derive differential Doctrine of Latent dynamics effect empirical-temperature scale engine entropy equation experiment experimental expression follows Footnote formula FOURIER HELMHOLTZ HELMHOLTZ-JOULE Determination HOLTZMANN's Assertion hypothesis ideal gas ideal gases integral isothermal isothermal process JOULE & KELVIN JOULE's LAPLACE LAPLACE's Latent and Specific latent heat mathematical MAYER mechanical equivalent molecular motive power obtained paper physics POISSON power of heat pressure principle proof published quantity of heat RANKINE RANKINE'S REECH regard REGNAULT relation specific heats statement steam substance theory of calorimetry theory of heat thermal thermal equation thermo thermodynamic potential thermometer THOMSON tragicomedy transformation Transl unit of heat vis viva volume ди др дв