confines himself strictly to the main current, holding before us throughout the main problems of ethics. The task of ethics is twofold. The first concerns itself with the question, What is morality? and seeks, by collation and comparison of ethical experience, a definition and, by idealizing these experiences, to gain a norm. The other is concerned with the question: How does morality originate, out of what limitations of natural circumstances, and under what conditions of human nature does morality arise? These problems are thought to constitute the territory of ethical investigation, and with this idea of his task Professor Jodl prosecutes his history. The history thus confined to the inductive method may be called the history of philosophical ethics. Thus we have a pretty clear and well-beaten path through philosophy, whether it leads anywhere or not. The second excellency of the author's work is his method of division and distribution. On the one hand, the philosophy of ethics is so far isolated that, at all points, its relation to metaphysics, theology, and psychology is clearly shown, and, on the other, the method of continuity is so far set aside that the various schools of ethics, in their development and national characteristics, do not fall into that dismal, monotonous mush that is so often mixed in the name of evolution. Throughout, the historic and systematic methods are so united as to hold interest and give definite instruction. Again, we must notice that the author seems to have no pets either to nurse or defend. There is an absence of that party spirit which has vitiated so much so-called history of thought, and turned it over into the field of apologetics. When we consider the chaos of contradictions through which the historian of ethical theory must move, and that this is the first attempt on the part of a German to treat systematically modern English and French ethics, we are impressed with the success attained and the general fairness of judgment. The first volume opens with a review of Greco-Roman ethics, pages 1-37, and of Christian ethics, pages 37-85. The idea of these two chapters is to form an historical introduction by an exposition of those principles that usher in the modern ethics. The third chapter treats of the beginnings of modern ethical philosophy as they arose out of the resistance offered to the consensus of all religious creeds, that without religious faith and obedience there was no salvation, no moral advance for man. It is strange that Charron, Bacon, and Grotius should be the first significant exponents of such an issue. From this point on the author follows his method of grouping. Thus we have Hobbes and his opponents, the Cambridge school and Cumberland; Locke and his opponents, Clarke and Shaftesbury. In the sixth chapter we have the English Utilitarians and the strong echo of intellectualism through Price, and in the seventh chapter a review of the Scottish school of the eighteenth century. Of the remaining four chapters two are given to the growth of skepticism in France, and one each to Spinoza and Leibnitz. The second volume begins with Kant, who was the first who succeeded in thinking in the German language. The first part of the volume is given to Germany, and treats in successive chapters the ethics of the categorical imperative, of Schiller, of Fichte, the speculative idealism of Krause and Hegel, the ethical systems of Baader, Schelling, Schleiermacher, Herbart, Schopenhauer, Beneke, and Feuerbach. The second part is a history of French ethics as represented by Cousin, Jouffroy, Proudhon, and Comte. The ethico-religious problem in France is studied in its spiritualistic, positivistic, and atheistic aspects. The third book opens with a presentation of

the general characteristics of English philosophy in the nineteenth century, and divides the history between the intuitionalists and the utilitarians. The work closes with a chapter on the ethico-religious problem in England. We know of no handbook on this subject that is of equal value, nor any book likely to be more serviceable to the student of ethical philosophy. The value of the work is enhanced by the copious notes appended to each volume. Taken together, they constitute 192 pages of valuable reference and illustration.

Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Altchristlichen Literatur. VI. Band. Heft 1. Die Texteüberlieferung der Bücher des Origenes gegen Celsus in den Handschriften dieses Werkes und der Philokalia. Prolegomena zu einer kritischen Ausgabe. Von Dr. Phil. Paul Koetschau. Pp. viii, 157. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. Mrk. 5.50. -The author has gathered from the libraries of Germany, and those of Paris, Rome, and Venice, an immense amount of material which he has here presented in a condensed and orderly form. As indicated, the purpose is to open the way to a critical edition of the works of Origen. It is thought that a correct text of the books of Origen vs. Celsus is obtainable only through a critical study of the tradition of Philokalia which must assist the judgment in determining the traditional element in the former work. It is also supposed that a critical edition of the larger work would furnish a basis for the reproduction of "ảλŋOns Aoyos." The present work is done under the three following heads: the MSS. of the books of Origen vs. Celsus, the MSS. of Origen's Philokalia, and the direct and indirect MS. tradition of the books against Celsus. The author concludes that it is quite possible to reproduce critically the original text of the eight books of Origen vs. Celsus. A list of all the mentioned MSS., with an elaborate scheme of their origins, dates, and relations, is subjoined.

66

Das Wesen der Religion. Zur Orientirung für angehende Theologen, dargeboten von Friedrich Lillie. Pp. v, 123. Hannover: Hau'sche Buchhandlung. Mrk. 3. — Theologians and teachers will find in this little book a very pleasant and profitable companion. The six chapters which constitute the work show a discussion of the following topics: Religion and religions, the origin of religion and its development, the peculiar character of religion, revelation and reason, religion and science, and religion and morality. The purpose of the book is to show what the true essence of religion is, and what is the relation of religion to science, philosophy, and ethics, and, particularly, to the life that is. The spirit in which the work is done is well expressed in the famous phrase: "In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas."

Das Nachgespräch Jesu mit dem Nikodemus. Von Prof. Dr. Steinmeyer. Pp. vi, 135. Berlin: Verlag von Wiegandt und Grieben. Mrk. 2. Another of those thorough Biblical studies for which Professor Steinmeyer has become so justly celebrated. The introduction is a study of "the visit from the side of the Pharisees," "the reception from the side of the Lord," and "the problems of the conversation." Then follow the three chapters: "Jesus and Nicodemus," "Christ and his Community," and "the Lord and his Servant." All is found to centre upon the one fundamental thought of Christianity; faith in Jesus Christ as the Son of God.

Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons. Von Prof. Dr. Theo. Zahn. Erster Band: Das Neue Testament vor Origenes. Zweite

Hälfte. Pp. 518. Mrk. 12. Einige Bemerkungen zu Adolf Harnack's Prüfung der Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons. Erster Band. Erste Hälfte. Von Theo. Zahn. Pp. 37. Pf. 60. Anonymous Adversus Aleatores (gegen das Hazardspiel), und die Briefe an Cyprian, Lucian, Clerinus und an den Karthaginiensischen Klerus (Cypr. Epist. 8. 21-24). Kritisch verbessert, erläutert und ins Deutsche übersetzt von Dr. Adam Miodouski. Mit einem Vorworte von Prof. Eduard Wolfflin. Pp. 128. Erlangen und Leipzig: Deichert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Nachf. (Georg Böhme). Mrk. 1.80. In this second part of his work Professor Zahn pursues the same cautious, scholarly course which we have noticed in the first part. While there is a careful exclusion of all dogmatic and semi-visionary inference, all questions relevant to an understanding of canonical history are, in their places, thoroughly discussed. We notice in the present volume a full treatment of the use and authority of the apostolic writings in the doctrines of the church and of the heretics about the middle of the second century, pp. 453-796, and also the origin of the first collections, pp. 797-968. In the above noticed pamphlet Dr. Zahn takes occasion to reply to certain strictures imposed upon his first volume by Dr. Harnack, whose polemic followed as closely as thunder upon lightning, so closely, Dr. Zahn remarks, that one may suppose the lightning struck somewhere. Taking a pretty large territory as the domain of Christian discussion, it is not at all clear that Professor Harnack's basis of supplies lies wholly within this field. Nevertheless, the majority of the differences which we have observed have in the main, like the thunder and lightning, their origin and end in the clouds. Dr. Miodouski investigates anew the anonymous polemic against gambling which Dr. Harnack has attributed to the Roman Bishop Victor I. of the second century. It is strongly argued that neither a Roman nor a Bishop nor the second century had anything to do with this writing, but that its date of composition was the third century, and its author, perhaps an African, unknown. Dr. Zahn supposes the author "a Roman Bishop of the third century, whose name we do not know." Professor Funk places the homily in the second half of the third century. Professor Wölfflin thinks the author learned his Latin from Cyprian, and patterned him; while others still regard Cyprian as the veritable author of the tract. The work is a very excellent and well-conducted study.

FRIEDRICHRODA i. Thür.

Mattoon M. Curtis.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, Boston and Chicago. Asa Turner. A Home Missionary Patriarch and his Times. By George F. Magoun, D. D., First President of Iowa College. Introduction by A. H. Clapp, D. D. Pp. 345. $1.75; Notes on Difficult Passages of the New Testament. By Elias Riggs, D. D., LL. D., Missionary of the A. B. C. F. M. Pp. 259. $1.25; The Childhood of Jesus, and other Sermons. By Adolphe Monod. Translated by Rev. J. H. Myers. Pp. 196. Paper 40 cents; cloth, 60 cents.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York. American Religious Leaders. Jonathan Edwards. By Alexander V. G. Allen, D. D., Professor in the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Mass. Pp. xi, 401. 1889. $1.25; American Statesmen. Benjamin Franklin. By John T. Morse, Jr., author of "Life of John Adams," "Life of John Quincy Adains," ""Life of Thomas Jefferson," etc. Pp. vi, 420. 1889. $1.25.

Ginn & Company, Boston and London. College Series of Greek Authors. Edited under the supervision of John Williams White and Thomas D. Seymour. Euripides, Iphigenia among the Taurians. Edited by Isaac Flagg. Pp. 197. 1889. Mailing price, $1.50; Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry. Vol. III. Elene, An Old English Poem. Edited, with Introduction, Latin Original, Notes, and Complete Glossary, by Charles W. Kent, M. A. (U. of Va.), Ph. D. (Leipsic), Professor of English and Modern Languages in the University of Tennessee. Pp. vi, 149. 1889. Mailing price, 65 cents; Elene; Judith; Athelstan, or the Fight at Brunansburh, and Byrhtnoth, or the Fight at Maldon: Anglo-Saxon Poems. Translated by James M. Garnett, M. A., LL. D., Professor of the English Language and Literature in the University of Virginia, translator of "Beowulf." Pp. xvi, 69. 1889. Mailing price, $1.00; The Irregular Verbs of Attic Prose, their Forms, Prominent Meanings, and Important Compounds; together with Lists of Related Words and English Derivatives. By Addison Hogue, Professor of Greek in the University of Mississippi. Pp. xii, 268. 1889. Mailing price $1.60; Les Trois Mousquetaires. Par Alexandre Dumas. Edited and annotated, for use in Colleges and Schools, by F. C. Sumichrast, Assistant Professor of French in Harvard University. Pp. vi, 289. 1889. 80 cents.

A. C. Armstrong & Son, New York. Systematic Theology. A Compendium and Commonplace-Book, designed for the use of Theological Students. By Augustus Hopkins Strong, D. D., President and Professor of Biblical Theology in the Rochester Theological Seminary. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Pp. xxiii, 760. 1889. $5.00; The Expositor's Bible. The Book of Revelation. By William Milligan, D. D., Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism in the University of Aberdeen; author of "The Resurrection of our Lord," etc. Pp. viii, 392. $1.50. For sale by De Wolfe, Fiske & Co., Boston; The Epistles of St. John. Twenty-one Discourses, with Greek Text, Comparative Versions and Notes, chiefly Exegetical. By William Alexander, D. D., D. C. L., Brasenose College, Oxford, Lord Bishop of Derry and Raphoe. Pp. xiv, 309. $1.50. For sale by De Wolfe, Fiske & Co., Boston; The Sermon Bible. Vol. III. Psalm lxxvii. to Song of Solomon. Pp. 476. 1889. $1.50. For sale by De Wolfe, Fiske & Co., Boston. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York and Boston. Impressions of Russia. By Dr. Georg Brandes, author of "Eminent Authors of the Nineteenth Century." Translated from the Danish by Samuel C. Eastman. Pp. x, 353; War and Peace. By Count Lyof N. Tolstoi. From the Russian by Nathan Haskell Dole. Authorized Translation, in four volumes. Vol. 1, pp. v, 359. Vol. 2, pp. 392. Vol. 3, pp. 424. Vol. 4, pp. 405. Thomas Whittaker, New York. American Episcopacy. nell, D. D., Rector of St. Stephen's Church, Philadelphia.

By S. D. McCon15 cents.

Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Foreign Missions. Their Place in the Pastorate, in Prayer, in Conference. Ten Lectures. By Augustus C. Thompson, author of "Moravian Missions," "The Mercy Seat," "The Better Land,' etc. Pp. vii, 469. 1889. $1.75; Whither? A Theological Question for the Times. By Charles Augustus Briggs, D. D., Davenport Professor of Hebrew and the Cognate Languages in the Union Theological Seminary. Pp. xv, 303. 1889. $1.75.

Akademische Verlagsbuchhandlung von J. B. C. Mohr (Paul Siebeck) Freiburg i. B. Sammlung Theologischer Lehrbücher. Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte von Dr. William Moeller, ord. Professor der Kirchengeschichte in Kiel. Erster Band. Pp. xii, 568. 1889. 11 M.; Die Gewissheit des

Glaubens und die Freiheit der Theologie. Von Dr. W. Herrmann, ord. Professor der Theologie an der Universität Marburg. Zweite neu bearbeitete Auflage. Pp. 70. 1889. 1 M. 20 Pf. ;- Die Frage nach dem Wesen der Religion. Grundlegung su einer Methodologie der Religionsphilosophie. Von Lic. Theol. Max Reischle, Professor am Karlsgymnasium in Stuttgart. Pp.

124. 1889.

Universalist Publishing House, Boston. Manuals of Faith and Duty. No. V. Salvation. By Orello Cone, D. D., President of Buchtel College, Akron, O. Pp. 101. 1889. Cloth, 25 cents, net.

G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London. Christian Theism, Its Claims and Sanctions. By D. B. Purinton, LL. D., Vice-President and Professor of Metaphysics in West Virginia University. Pp. vii, 300. 1889. $1.75; The Story of the Nations. The Hansa Towns. By Helen Zimmern, author of "A Life of Lessing,' "Heroic Tales from Firdusi," etc. Pp. xvii, 389. 1889. $1.50.

Roberts Brothers, Boston. Famous Women. Jane Austen. By Mrs. Charles Malden. Pp. 224. 1889. $1.00; French and English. A Comparison. By Philip Gilbert Hamerton, author of "The Intellectual Life," etc. Pp. xix, 480. 1889. $2.00.

Silver, Burdett & Co., Boston. Institutes of Economics. A Succinct TextBook of Political Economy for the use of Classes in Colleges, High Schools, and Academies. By Elisha Benjamin Andrews, D. D., LL. D., President of Brown University, Late Professor of Political Economy and Finance in Cornell University. Pp. xii, 228. 1889. Introductory price, $1.30. Scribner & Welford, New York. A New Commentary on Genesis. Franz Delitzsch, D. D., Leipzig. Translated by Sophia Taylor. 408. 1889. $3.00.

By Vol. II. Pp.

and Exegesis, Published for

PAMPHLETS. Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature containing Papers and Notes for June and December, 1888. the Society by the Secretary, H. G. Mitchell, 72 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass. Pp. 174. Leonard Scott Publication Society, New York. Shakespeariana, June, 1889. Ibid., July, 1889. Each 20 cents. -Longmans, Green & Co., 152 16th Street, New York; 39 Paternoster Row, London E. C. The New Review. Vol. I., No. 1, June, 1889. 15 cents. Elm Street Printing Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. The Basis of Moral Reformation. A Lecture delivered at Eastham College, Richmond, Ind., March 23, 1889. By the Rev. J. M. Foster, District Secretary of the National Reform Association. Pp. 33. Christ the King of Nations. An Address before Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, January 7, 1887. By the same. Pp. 27. 1889.