had declined the oaths, had died in the interval since the withdrawal of James. The oaths were likewise refused by many of the inferior clergy, and hence a recognised body, termed Nonjurorst, arose, not very numerous, it is true, but comprising men of eminent virtues and talents, who readily sacrificed all their prospects from a conscientious adherence to what they felt to be their duty. They were not esteemed as they deserved by their exiled king, yet they remained

"True as the dial to the sun,

Although it be not shined upon."

Many writers of both their own and more modern times have depicted the Nonjurors in odious colours, but when calmly judged, they must occupy a much higher place than the turbulent Burnet, the vacillating Sherlock, or the treacherous Churchill, Russell, and others, who drove away their old master, and yet were unfaithful to their new one.

Tyrconnel returns to Ireland in the spring. He is soon followed by St. Ruth, a French officer, who undertakes to reorganize the Irish forces.

John Tillotson", dean of St. Paul's, is nominated to

* See Notes and Illustrations.

He was born in 1630 at Sowerby, in Yorkshire, was educated under puritanical instructors at Clare Hall, Cambridge, but readily complied with the Act of Uniformity, and though still a young man, was soon after appointed preacher at Lincoln's Inn. In 1672 he obtained the deanery of Canterbury, but inclined to the Whig party, and attended Lord William Russell on the scaffold. At the Revo lution he obtained the confidential post of clerk of the closet, and he was now, against his own wish, as he asserted, raised to the primacy. He held that eminent office but a short time, dying Nov. 22, 1694. Tillotson was a popular preacher, but some of his cotemporaries pointed out passages in his sermons in which he indicated rather than advanced opinions bearing a close resemblance to some of the impious speculations of Hobbes and other unbelievers.

the see of Canterbury, April 22, and consecrated May the other sees are filled up shortly after *.

31;

The nonjuring clergy are charged with correspondence with France, and with having invited the recent attempt at invasion; the primate and the five bishops solemnly deny the charge.

William returns to the continent in May, attended by Marlborough; he returns Oct. 19, after a campaign of little importance.

General Ginkell effects the reduction of Ireland. He takes Baltimore, June 8, and captures Athlone, after a short siege, June 30; defeats and kills St. Ruth, the French general, at Aghrim, July 12, and captures Galway, July 21.

The earl of Dartmouth is committed to the Tower, in

Simon Patrick, dean of Peterborough, and Edward Stillingfleet, dean of St. Paul's, had been consecrated bishops of Chichester and Worcester, Oct. 13, 1689. Bishop Patrick was now translated to Ely, July 2, 1691; Edward Fowler, John Moore, and Richard Cumberland were consecrated, July 5, as bishops of Gloucester, Norwich, and Peterborough ; and Richard Kidder, as bishop of Bath and Wells, Aug. 30.

The charge was made in a pamphlet entitled A Modest Enquiry into the Causes of the present Disasters of England, in which they were, under the name of "the Lambeth holy club," pointed out as fit objects for popular vengeance. The threatened prelates in reply published a paper, which concluded by saying that "as the Lord had taught them to return good for evil, the unknown author of the pamphlet having endeavoured to raise in the whole English nation such a fury as might end in De-Witting them (a bloody word, but too well understood), (see p. 112), they recommended him to the Divine mercy, humbly beseeching God to forgive him. And as they had, not long since, either actually or in full preparation of mind, hazarded all they had in the world in opposing popery and arbitrary power in England, so they should, by God's grace, with greater zeal, again sacrifice all they had, and their very lives too, if God should be pleased to call them thereto, to prevent popery and the arbitrary power of France from coming upon them and prevailing over them, the persecution of their Protestant brethren there being fresh in their memories."

July; he soon after dies there, without having been brought to trial".

Military execution is threatened by proclamation, in August, against all the clans in the Highlands, unless they lay down their arms and take the oath of allegiance, on or before Dec. 31.

Ginkell besieges Limerick, Aug. 25; it surrenders on favourable articles, which the government only partially observe a, Oct. 3.

The parliament meets Oct. 22, and sits till Feb. 24,

1692.

An act passed imposing new oaths for Ireland, [3 Gul. & Mar. c. 2]; and another against corresponding with enemies, [c. 13].

. He was charged with having disclosed the weak points of Portsmouth (where he had long been governor) to the French, but he was able to appeal to the members of the privy council as to whether he was likely to do this, having in the preceding reigns been conspicuous for his dislike to "the French faction," in which, as he said, "he had not a single friend, man or woman.' "His real offence, beside being grateful for benefits received from King James, seems to have been, that, as an experienced seaman, he had spoken slightingly of the conduct of both the English and Dutch admirals at the battle of Beachy Head, and that an idea of again employing him had been entertained by William, which was distasteful to some of the members of the government.

a Such of the Irish as chose were allowed to retire to France, a permission of which thousands availed themselves, and thus was formed the celebrated Irish Brigade, which bore so conspicuous a part in the wars of Louis XIV. and XV. To those who remained was guaranteed an entire amnesty, permission to keep arms, and to continue to exercise any liberal profession which they had already followed, and such religious liberty as they had enjoyed in the time of Charles II. The English parliament respected this agreement, as the Irish had performed their part, and by giving up all their strong posts had allowed a large body of troops to be sent to reinforce the army in Flanders; but the Irish parliament maintained that Ginkell and the lords-justices had exceeded their powers, and in 1695 passed an act explaining the sense in which they would have the treaty understood, which was very different from what the other party maintained to be its true meaning.

By this act, going to France, or sending arms thither, was

A.D. 1692. The earl of Marlborough is suddenly dismissed from all his employments, Jan. 10.

The Macdonalds of Glencoe are surprised, and many of them murdered in cold blood, by the positive order of William, Feb. 13.

A poll-taxd is voted for "the vigorous carrying on the war against France," [c. 6]; the enlargement of the docks at Portsmouth is ordered, and those at Plymouth are commenced.

18.

William goes to Holland, March 5; he returns Oct.

One Robert Young forges an association in favour of King James in the name of the earl of Marlborough and others; they are in consequence apprehended, but are soon released.

Louis XIV. prepares a large fleet to cover an invasion of England; it is attacked by the English and Dutch, near Cape La Hogue, and defeated, May 19.

The parliament meets May 24.

An act passed for the encouragement of privateers, [4 Gul. & Mar. c. 25].

declared treason; and parties already there were forbidden to return without license, on pain of imprisonment.

See Notes and Illustrations.

d It amounted to £10 yearly for the highest, and to 4s. for the lowest; a similar tax was imposed in the next year, but in 1694 the plan of borrowing money for extraordinary expenses was substituted, and the National Debt was thus begun.

e Young was a man of infamous character, who professed to be in holy orders; he was eventually hanged for coining.

Many of the French ships escaped through a dangerous channel called the Race of Alderney, to St. Malo, others found safety at Cherbourg; but sixteen large ships, and many transports, were destroyed on the beach at Cape La Hogue, on the 24th of May, by fireships, in sight of King James and his army.

An expedition is fitted out against the coast of France, (July, August,) but it returns without having effected anything 8.

William, in attempting to raise the siege of Namur, is defeated at Steenkirke h, by Luxemburg, Aug. 3.

The duke of Savoy invades the south of France, in August. The French Protestants are invited to join him, on the strength of a declaration that the allies will procure the re-establishment of the Edict of Nantes. The Irish parliament meets, Oct. 5. It passes

"" an

The intention was to reduce St. Malo, a noted port for privateers, but it was found unassailable. This matter caused a quarrel between the earl of Nottingham (Daniel Finch), who was secretary of state, and virtually at the head of the Admiralty, and Admiral Russell, which eventually caused the latter to withdraw for a while from the service. It was then suspected, and is now known to be true, that Russell was in secret correspondence with King James, still there seems no reason for doubting that he had done his best to destroy the French fleet at La Hogue, and his removal was an unpopular measure, but William preferred it to parting with Nottingham. In 1694 Russell was again employed, and in 1697 he was created a peer (earl of Orford), but in 1701 he was, in common with Somers and others, censured for his conduct in regard to the Partition Treaties, his accounts as paymaster of the navy were disputed, and he was charged with conniving at the proceedings of Kidd, a notorious pirate. He was acquitted of these charges, as the Commons, through a dispute with the Peers, refused to bring forward their evi

dence; and he was first lord of the Ad- Arms of Russell, earl of Orford. miralty in the reign of Anne, and also that

of George I., but had no prominent part in public affairs. He died in 1727.

h Some newly raised English regiments were pushed forward against the French household troops, and being, through the jealousy of Count Solms, under whose orders they were placed, not properly supported, they suffered terrible loss. General Mackay, who was defeated by Dundee at Killiecrankie (see p. 127), was among the slain. The conduct of Solms was severely commented on when the parliament met, and the courtiers had much difficulty in preventing an address for his removal from the service being presented.