PART II. On the Gradation of Man-Gradation of the Bones-Length of the Ulna in Skeletons--Length of the Fore-arms of living Negroes and Europeans-Of fix tall Grenadiers and others, ditto-Skulls of different Nations-Facial Line-Length of Fore-arm in Europeans and Negroes--Gradation of the Cartilages, Mufcles, Tendons, Skin-Hair, Sweat, Catamenia--Ranknefs of Smell, Heat--Duration of LifeOrgans of Generation-Mamma, Size of the Brain, Reafon Phyfiology of the Brain and Nerves -Speech and Language--Lips --Larynx, the Organ by which the Voice is formed-Senfe of Feel ing-Parturition-Difeafes--Locked Jaw-Floodings--Fluor Albus -Cacabay-Yellow and malignant Fevers--Lice on Negroes blacker and larger than on Europeans-Africans' Manner of walking-SeeingHearing, fmelling--Memory and Maftication more perfect in the African than in the European-Con clufions deducible from the fecond Part of this Effay. PART III. On Hair-Annual and Perennial -Annual Hair grows fafter in Winter than Summer--Perennial Hair grows fafter and longer under the Torrid Zone than in a temperate Climate-Perennial Hair grows faster in Summer than in Winter-Hair the fame 1800 Years ago as at this Time-Wool and Hair of Sheep. PART IV. On the Colour and Complexion of Man-Proximate Caufe of the Colour is in the Rete Mucofum-Upper Layer lighter Colour than the under Layer-Negroes are of the darkeft Colour, where there is the leaft Preffure, as in the Face, and vice verfa, as on the Soles of the Feet -Jews--Gypfies. EXTRACTS FROM THE ADVERTISE. MENT. He "THE author of the following effay has no desire to elevate the brute creation to the rank of humanity, nɔr to reduce the human fpecies to a level with brutes; and he hopes that nothing advanced will be conftrued fo as to give the fmalleft countenance to the pernicious practice of enflaving mankind, which he wishes to fee abolished throughout the world. Neither is he defirous of affigning to any one a fuperiority over another, except that which naturally arifes from fuperior bodily ftrength, mental powers, and industry, or from the confequences attendant upon living in a state of fociety. He only wishes to investigate the truth, and to difcover what are the established laws of nature refpecting his fubject; apprehending, that whatever tends to elucidate the natural hiftory of mankind, must be interefting to man. was infenfibly led to the prefent confideration, from hearing Mr. Jobn Hunter's Remarks on the Gradation of Skulls, as he stated in the introduction to a Courfe of Lectures on Midwifery, which he delivered laft winter at the i Lying-in Hofpital in Manchefter." P. v. "The ftudent muft not, however, expect to find an uniform gradation in all the faculties and powers of different fubjects: it frequently happens that an inferiority in one particular, is accompanied by a fuperiority in fome other particular; so that the afcent or defcent is not always by equal, but often by irregular fieps. Some of the lefs important gradations which the author has enumerated, may not perhaps ftand the teft of a strict scrutiny; but on the other hand, many others may yet be difcovered which have not occurred to him. However that may be, he hopes his obfervations are not improperly announced by the titlepage prefixed to them." "P. vi. can be discovered only by the microfcope, Nature exhibits to our view an immenfe chain of beings, endued with various degrees of intelligence and active powers, fuited to their ftations in the general fyftem. Mr. all, but are fixed to a rock, where he many other infects are deprived of Buffon fays, the fresh-water polypus may be regarded as the laft of animals and the firft of plants. "In the animal kingdom, the different claffes into which Nature seems to have divided her productions, are fo blended by creatures apparently anomalous to all fyftem, that it is often difficult, and sometimes impoffible, to draw lines of distinction. The inhabitants of the earth and air encroach upon each other; for there are flying maucaucoes, flying mice, flying fquirrels, and bats, which, though quadrupeds, have wings to buoy themselves up in the air; and, on the other hand, there are fome birds that cannot fly at all, as the oftrich, the touyou, the cafowary,gard to the brain, the polypus and and the dodo:-the porcupine, though a quadruped, has quills. Nor are even the inhabitants of the fea and thofe of the air much better difcriminated; for we meet with flying fish, and birds that inhabit the waters. Amphibious animals link the terrestrial and aquatic; we find fome fish with and others without lungs. The dif tinction of animals into viviparous and oviparous is not more definite; for vipers and cartilaginous animals produce their eggs within their own bodies, previous to the exclusion of the live animal; and fome animals are, like vegetables, propagated by germs, nei ther viviparous nor oviparous. Bipeds, quadrupeds, and quadrumanufes equally encroach on each other; there are fome apes that walk only on their hind-legs, and others that walk on all four; and the greatest part of them ufe their hind-feet in the manner of hands. The genus Lacerta, from the alligator of twenty feet to the lizard of three inches, forms a clafs of animals connecting the race of quadrupeds with that of reptiles. "Several eminent naturalifts have endeavoured, in vain, to define the boundaries of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Mr. John Hunter maintained, that all animals have ftomachs, and that vegetables have not; that all zoophytes are animals, though they have no loco-motion, nor even any motion at "No diftinction of plants and animals can be derived from the fexual economy. The generality of plants indeed are hermaphrodite; that is, they have the male and female organs of generation within the fame inipalement; but feveral animals, as fhell-fith, and others deprived of the power of moving ia fearch of inates, have likewife both fexes in one individual. The female fith, in fome inftances, lay their eggs upon the thore, which are afterwards impregnated by the male, without his ever feeing the female. Something analogous to this is obfervable in fome plants. "The fyftem which attributes fenfation to animals and denies it to vegetables, is very illufory:-many vege tables, acknowledged to be fuch, are much more irritable than fome animals. There are fome fenfitive plants to extremely irritable, that if they are touched by any fubftance, the whole plant, both leaves and branches, falls to the ground. The dionaa mufcipulat, or Venus's fly-trap, is a plant whole leaves are to irritable, that when any "For thefe and other fimilar discoveries and obfervations, naturalifts are much indebted to Trembly, Bonnet, and Spallanzani.” "Ellis on the Dionea Mufcipula." fly fly alights upon them, they close upon The it and fqueeze it to death . bedyfarum gyrans, or moving plant, poffeffes and exerts the power of moving its leaves in various directions, as an animal does its members "No criterion of diftinction betwixt plants and animals can be obtained from their fituation or manner of living. Plants as well as animals are found on land and in water. Worms, &c. live under ground; and truffles (lycoperdon tuber) vegetate and are perfected without appearing above ground. There are parafitical plants, or fuch as vegetate upon and receive their nutriment from other plants, as the milletoe, &c. and there are animals whofe natural and deftined habitation feems to be the bodies of other animals. Some animals draw their nourishment from plants, and fome plants are propagated upon animals, as horns, beaks, hair, nails, &c. which can be confidered in no other light than that of vegetables.' P. 1. MAN COMPARED WITH OTHER ANIMALS. "MAN, confidered in toto, is undoubtedly entitled to pre-eminence over the animal world: but various tribes of creatures make great advances towards him, in fome particular powers and faculties, and even, in fome inftances, far furpafs him. The orangoutang has the perfon, the manner, and the action of man; the parrot, the bullfinch, &c. have fuch vocal organization as to command the powers of fpeech, of finging, and whistling; while the elephant enjoys the faculty of reafon in an eminent degree. "It is obfervable that no animal, whether bird or quadruped, that approaches near to man in its faculties or energies, has a flat fkull.-Lavater, fpeaking of birds, fays, their diftinc tion of character or gradation of pasfive and active powers, is expreffed by the following phyfiognomical varieties by the form of the fkull: the more flat the skull, the more weak, 'flexible, tender, and fenfible is the character of the animal. This flat• nefs contains lefs, and resists less. By the length, breadth, and arching ⚫ or obliquity of their beaks-and here "The goofe, which has a flat kull "The parrot (pfittacus) which is of the order of pica, or pies (fee Kerr's Linnæus), is a genus of birds remarkable for the hookednefs of their bills, for the largenefs of their heads, and alfo of the tongue, which is blunt, rounded, and flefhy. This genus contains numerous fpecies (according to Linnæus, one hundred and fixty-fix), and feems to form a tribe peculiarly diftinguished from all others. It may, however, be confidered as holding the fame place among birds as that of apes and monkeys does amongst the mammalia. The natural voice of parrots is loud, harsh, and unpleasant; but they imitate a variety of founds, and particularly the human voice, often learning to articulate words with remarkable precifion. "It would be unneceffary to relate "See the Annual Regifter for 1775, page 93." 4 minative minative accuracy in the application of their speech to particular occafions. Dr. Monro fays, In one fpecies of bird (the parrot) I long ago remark'ed that the pupil was affected by the 'paffions of the mind of the animal, 'independent of the light upon the eye.' Monro on the Nervous System, page 96.-Some fay, that the tongue of this bird fomewhat resembles that of a man, and by this conformation they pretend, it is fo well qualified to imitate the human fpeech. But the organs by which these sounds are articulated lie farther down in the throat: and the great mobility of the os hyoides, which is remarkable in thefe birds, contributes very much to produce the effect.. "The raven and the magpie may be taught to fpeak like the parrot. It is afferted that the raven has been taught to fing a tune like a man. The magpie's voice is too acute and fharp to imitate the human voice, though it fhould articulate distinctly. "Singing birds, although deftitute of the power of articulating, are expert in acquiring parts of artificial tunes; in repeating which they attend to the time and the tone with the greatest nicety. The bullfinch, though not naturally mufical, may, when tamed, be taught to whiftle any tune; and, in other refpects, becomes extremely docile. The voice of birds is incomparably louder in proportion to their fize than that of other animals; thus, the fcreaming of a peacock is much louder than the bellowing of an ox. In all countries birds exceed quadru. peds in longevity. "Mr. Jefferson, in his Notes on the State of Virginia, fpeaking of the bee not being a native of America, fays, They furnish then an additional proof ' of the remarkable fact firft obferved by the Comte de Buffon, and which has thrown fuch'a blaze of light on 'the field of natural history, that no animals are foud in both continents, but those which are able to bear the 'cold of thofe regions where they probably join.' Baffin alfo obferves, 'that not a fingle animal of the torrid zone is common to the old world and 'to the new. To which we may add, that none of the domeftic animals of Europe were found in America when it was firft difcovered. "The obfervation will apply to the human fpecies alfo; for none were found fimilar in the two worlds but fuch as were near the frigid zone, where there was a probability of their communication. There were no negroes, nor European whites, to be found in the whole continent of America; nor any red copper-coloured Indians either in Europe, Alia, or Africa. As, therefore, many different fpecies of animals have been difcovered in America which were not known either by the ancients or moderns ever to have exifted either in Europe, Afia, or Africa, how can we fuppofe they were placed there, except by the immediate hand of the Almighty Creator of all things? for, if they ever had exifted in the old world, it is hardly poffible that they could have been totally exterininated from that quarter of the globe where they were first placed." P. 34. Monthly Catalogue. The Elements of Mathematical Ana- 12mo. A Vocabulary of Sea Phrases, and EDUCATION-GRAMMAR. The Oratorical Inftructor: being a Collection of Pieces for the Ufe of those defirous to attain Eloquence. 12mo. half-bound. is. 6d. Collins. I An Effay on the Education of young A Theoretical and Practical Grammar HISTORY-BIOGRAPHY. Some Account of the Abbey Church The Royal Tribes of Wales. By An Hiftorical, Biographical, and Chro The 1 |