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waukee, which must have proven particularly agreeable to Mirandeau. Vieau had eleven children who grew to maturity. One of his sons, Louis, became chief of the Pottawatomies in Kansas, and died very rich in

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1876, leaving forty-four thousand acres of land, a herd of fine cattle, and upwards of $200,000 in money.

Solomon Juneau is usually mentioned in histories and encyclopædias as the "first white settler" of Milwaukee, but he found Mirandeau quite an old resident there when he arrived in 1818. Juneau was of French

birth, a native of Canada, and twenty-five years of age at the date mentioned. His first experience in dealing with the Indians was as an employee in Jacques Vieau's Green Bay store, from 1816 to 1818. He fell in love with Vieau's pretty daughter Josette, then very young, and this romantic side of his remarkable career turned his attention toward providing business and a dwelling-place of his own. Milwaukee was his Mecca; he came at first as Vieau's head clerk in the store, and the following year, 1819, returned to Green Bay for his bride. During the winter following the newly married pair lived in a building constructed of tamarack poles, near where now East Water and Wisconsin streets cross each other. Henceforward during forty memorable years in the planting and development of Milwaukee, Juneau was more or less associated with every movement. From 1820 to 1835 he was literally the autocrat of the region, and for the greater part of the period he was practically the only white resident, Mirandeau having died in 1819. The Indians almost idolized him because of his sympathy and generosity, and at the same time stood in wholesome fear of him as he was marvelously brave, with such muscular strength that he could throw a man over his head without apparent effort, or whip any Indian in the tribe. He claimed the land and compelled obedience from the natives, even to the most haughty sachems. If he wanted a pouch of water, a dish of wild berries, a bundle of wood, or a handful of roots, he commanded the nearest buck to go for him and he went. When the city subsequently began to take form, he was the first postmaster, the first mayor, and one of the chief promoters of every public enterprise.

The bridal habitation of Mr. and Mrs. Juneau was in the beginning literally without any of the modern improvements. It had not even a floor, a table, a bedstead, a chair, or a stove. Blocks of wood were used to sit upon, also a few stools made of small saplings. A bedstead was improvised, with poles resting on the logs which formed one side of the house and a "crotch "--while cords were ingeniously contrived with strips of twisted bark. A novel mattress was evolved from blue beech wood riven into fine splinters after the manner of an Indian broom, and skins were used for blankets. Mrs. Juneau cooked the food over an open fire on the ground, having two or three rude utensils which they had managed to secure. They had no earthen dishes for some years, and frequently nothing to eat except fish or wild meat. Juneau fixed up a corner in the hut for the display and sale of his Indian goods, by hewing a log flat on the top and supporting it with legs made of saplings. This was his first store. He also constructed a raft of tamarack poles which he kept fastened

to a stake in the river, and used as occasion demanded, sometimes as a ferry-boat and sometimes in making short journeys.

Mrs. Juneau's influence over the Indians was almost as absolute as

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that of her husband; they obeyed her as if she had been a veritable queen. An illustration of her power was when the final treaty was under consideration, which resulted in the extinguishment of the aboriginal title

to the land on which Milwaukee has arisen. The government had secured all the land north and east of the Milwaukee river through a treaty made with the Menomonees in 1831. It was not, however, until February, 1835, that a similar negotiation was concluded with the Pottawatomies for the district south of the river. These Indians received permission through the treaty to remain on the ground without molestation for a specified time. When the survey was made of the territory north of the river early in the autumn of 1835, the lines were made to cross the Pottawatomie precinct in order to secure a full township. The Indians regarded this as a premeditated wrong, and were terribly enraged. They planned immediately to massacre all the white people in the settlement. The news reached Mrs. Juneau, whose husband was at the time in Green Bay, and she went among the Indians personally, without a moment's delay, and remained in their village all night watching over them. They were excited to a most dangerous degree, and but for her would have consummated their fiendish purpose: yet they dared not strike a blow so long as she commanded peace. Only a few persons knew of the fate from which they had been rescued until the following day.

In Juneau's little picturesque home of tamarack poles, every trader, traveler, or new-comer, was made welcome and entertained as comfortably as its dimensions and the circumstances would permit. The great American Fur Company, founded by Mr. Astor, made Juneau its agent, a post which he filled creditably for more than two decades, accumulating riches rapidly. He was kind to every one in trouble, and he acted on the principle that all men are honest. Mr. Albert Fowler, the first justice of the peace in Wisconsin, describes his arrival at Milwaukee, November 18, 1833, as follows: "My three companions and myself took possession of an old log cabin where we lived during the winter of 183334, doing our own cooking, amusing ourselves as best we could, there being no other white men in the place during that winter excepting Solomon Juneau. In the early part of the month of January, 1834, Mrs. Juneau was taken exceedingly ill, and there being neither medicines nor physicians nearer than Chicago, I was started off by Juneau, on an Indian pony, clad in Indian moccasins and leggings and spare blanket, for medical aid. The journey in mid-winter, through eighty-five or ninety miles of wilderness, was one of great hardships, and one which I have never desired to undertake again. The Indians predicted that I would perish, but thanks to a vigorous constitution and a physique already inured to frontier life, I succeeded in reaching Chicago, obtaining the desired aid, and was rewarded with the double satisfaction of having assisted in relieving a

most kind and noble-hearted woman, besides the gift of a new suit of clothes from Mr. Juneau." Mr. Fowler was a native of Berkshire county, Massachusetts; his

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father, Dr. Elijah Fowler, was a soldier in the Revolution, and a lineal descendant of William Fowler, one of the first settlers of New Haven in 1638. He opened the first real-estate office in Milwaukee in 1834, a

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