remark was made, “There go a few millions." He was then believed to be the richest man in the colonies. It is said that as he was writing his name a fellow delegate suggested that his cousin, Charles Carroll, might easily be taken for him, and he (the signer) escape attainder or any other punishment in store for the patriots, whereupon he added the words "of Carrollton" to the end of his name, exclaiming, "They cannot mistake me now."

From the signing of the Declaration until 1801 Charles Carroll's life was a public one, the history of which is well known. He was small of stature, with a high forehead, large aquiline nose, and gray eyes full of intelligence; his skin was so remarkably clear and thin that the blood could be seen meandering through every vein and artery. In his advanced years his hair was white, thick, and flowing, and he wore it brushed back from his lofty brow. He was an early riser, dressed with scrupulous nicety, was refined in his tastes and pleasures, and was animated and charming in conversation. He was not rhetorical, but a man of facts and logic, and a somewhat unenthusiastic speaker, but he wrote with fluency, dignity, and ease. He rarely dined out, and his habits of life at home were regular, although his style of living was very handsome and generous. As many as twenty guests were often in the old manor-house at one time, and yet the domestic affairs went on as if by magic, well-trained servants anticipating every want. His hospitalities were known and noted abroad as well as at home, and very few Englishmen of distinction visited this country without calling upon him. The British ministers to this country were his frequent guests, and Washington, Jackson, Taney, and others entered his door as intimate friends. One of his grand-daughters married Lord Wellesley, viceroy of Ireland, another Baron Stafford, and still another the Duke of Leeds. His son Charles married Harriet, the daughter of Benjamin Chew of Philadelphia. Charles Carroll lived, honored and revered by the republic, until 1832-lived to see forty-four years of progress under the Constitution, and at the age of ninety laid the corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.

A CHAPTER FROM THE HISTORY OF UTAH*

At the opening of January, 1848, the saints were housed, clad, and fed in moderate comfort, and general content prevailed. The season was exceptionally mild; there were occasional light falls of snow, but not enough to interfere with plowing and sowing,† and a large tract of land was partially enclosed and planted with wheat and vegetables.

So many people were now in the valley, that notwithstanding the abundant crops, food at length became scarce. Families weighed out their flour, and allowed themselves so much per day. The wheat was ground at a mill on City creek, but as there was no bolting-cloth, the shorts and bran could not be separated. The beef was very poor, as most of the cattle had been worked hard while driven to the valley and after their arrival, while those turned out to range did not fatten quickly. Butter and tallow were needed. One wild steer, well fattened, was brought in from Goodyear's rancho. A herd of deer, crossing from one range of mountains to another, was startled by the unexpected obstruction of the fort, and one sprang into the enclosure and was killed. Wild sago and parsnip roots constituted the vegetable food of the settlers. A few deaths occurred from poisonous roots. The bracing air and hard work stimulated appetite as stores decreased. For coffee, parched barley and wheat were used, and, as their sugar gave out, they substituted some of home manufacture. In the spring thistle tops were eaten, and became an important article of diet. Anxiety began to be felt about clothing, and the hand-looms were now busily at work, although wool was scarce. As shoes wore out moccasins were substituted, and goat, deer, and elk skins were manufactured into clothing for men and women, though most unsuitable for use in rain and snow.

At the time of Parley P. Pratt's arrival the city of Great Salt Lake consisted of a fort enclosing a block of ten acres, the walls of part of the buildings being of adobes and logs. There were also some tents.

As

* By permission of the publishers, we place the following extracts from Mr. Hubert Howe Bancroft's latest volume, the twenty-first of his History of the Pacific States, before our readers. The photographic illustrations were made during the past summer by Miss Catharine Weed Barnes, of Albany, one of the prominent members of the New York Society of Amateur Photographers, while on a tour across the continent.

It was a strange sight to see sometimes furrows on one side and snow on the other. In February men worked out of doors in their shirt sleeves Horne's Migrations, MS. 24.

additional companies came in they extended the south division, which was connected with the old fort by gates. Wagon boxes were also brought into line and served for habitations until better accommodations were provided. The houses were built of logs, and were placed close together, the roofs slanting inward, and all the doors and windows being on the inside, with a loop-hole to each room on the outside. As everything indicated a dry climate the roofs were made rather flat, and great inconveniences resulted. In March the rains were very heavy, and umbrellas were used to protect women and children while cooking, and even in bed. The clay found in the bottoms near the fort made excellent plaster, but would not stand exposure to rain, and quickly melted. All breadstuffs were carefully gathered into the centre rooms and protected with buffalo skins obtained from the Indians. The rooms in the outer lines adjoined, and many of the families had several rooms. On the interior cross-line rooms were built on both sides, the streets being eight rods wide.

There were serious depredations committed by wolves, foxes, and cata

mounts, and great annoyance occasioned by the howling of some of these animals. Further discomfort was caused by innumerable swarms of mice. Digging cavities and running about under the earthen floor, they caused the ground to tremble, and, when the rain loosened the stones of the roofs, scampered off in hordes. Frequently fifty or sixty had to be caught and killed before the family could sleep.

The table

The furniture was home-made and very little of it at that. was a chest, and the bedstead was built into the corner of the house, which formed two of its sides, rails or poles forming the opposite sides; pegs were driven into the walls and rails, and the bedcord tightly wound around them. The chimneys were of adobe, and sometimes there was a fireplace in the corner with a clay hearth. [This describes the furniture of the first house occupied in the fort by Brigham Young's family. Mrs. Clara Young's Pioneer Experience, MS.]

During the winter of 1847-8, some Indian children were brought to the

fort to be sold. At first two were offered, but the settlers peremptorily refused to buy them. The Indians in charge said that the children were captured in war, and would be killed at sunset if the white men did not buy them. Thereupon they purchased one of them, and the one not sold was shot. Later several Indians came in with two more children, using the same threat: they were bought, and brought up at the expense of the settlers.

Before the expedition of the year 1848 there were nearly three thousand inhabitants, and including the pioneers, the battalion men, and the companies that arrived under Parley, at least five thousand of the saints assembled in the valley. In a private letter written in September, 1848, Parley writes: "How quiet, how still, how free from excitement we live! The legislation of our high council, the decision of some judge or court of the church, a meeting, a dance, a visit, an exploring tour, the arrival of a party of trappers and traders, a Mexican caravan, a party arrived from the Pacific, from the states, from Fort Bridget, a visit of Indians, or perhaps a mail from the distant world once or twice a year, is all that breaks the monotony of our busy and peaceful life. . Here too, we are

all rich—there is no real poverty; all men have access to the soil, the pasture, the timber, the water power, and all the elements of wealth, without money or price."

On his arrival in the autumn, Brigham Young stirred up the people to the greatest activity. Fencing material being scarce, and the lands all appropriated, it was proposed that a large field for farming purposes adjoining the city should be selected and fenced in common. By October there were eight hundred and sixty-three applications for lots, amounting to eleven thousand and five acres. A united effort was made to fence the city, which was done by enclosing each ward in one field, and requiring the owner of every lot to build his proportion of the fence. No lots were allowed to be held for speculation, the intention originally being to assign them only to those who would occupy and improve them. The farming land nearest the city was surveyed in five-acre lots to accommodate the mechanics and artisans: next beyond were ten-acre lots, followed by forty and eighty acres, where farmers could build and reside. All these farms were enclosed in one common fence, constituting what was called the big field, before mentioned.

The streets were kept open but were barely wide enough for travel, as the owners cultivated the space in front of their houses. At a meeting on the 24th of September, permission was granted to build on the lots imme

EAGLE GATE. SALT LAKE CITY. 1889.

[From a recent photograph by Miss Catharine Weed Barnes.]

diately, all buildings to be at least twenty feet from the sidewalk, and a few days later it was voted "that a land record should be kept, and that $1.50 be paid for each lot; one dollar to the surveyor and fifty cents to the clerk for recording." A council-house was ordered to be built by tithing labor;* and it was suggested that water from the Big Cottonwood be brought into the city; the toll for grinding grain was to be increased, and a resolution was passed against the sale or use of ardent spirits. That all might be satisfied, the lots were to be distributed "by ballot, or casting lots, as Israel did in days of old."

*

The law of tithing in its fulness requires the tenth of the surplus propUpon the matter of tithing, Joseph Smith in 1831 had three several revelations, each containing a clause requiring money and other property to be set apart for general use in the church. The first was received in February, the second in May, and the last in August.-Times and Seasons, iv. 369; v. 416, 466. But it was not until several years later that an organized system was established, by revelation dated Far West, July 8, 1838.-Doctrine and Covenants, 382-3.