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the design he was engaged upon, beneath the great disheveled mat of a winter's growth of the blackest of hair that hung down from every part of his head.

The glance I was enabled to get at his paper satisfied me in an instant as to the cause of his increased interest. He was at work upon a locomotive, with its tender and a couple of baggage-cars, and was just then giving the finishing touches to his design. The effort attracted my attention at once, because an Indian's idea of a locomotive, drawn by himself, without the object before him, was to me something certainly worthy of examination. The drawing of birds and frogs and lizards, in their crude way, is a thing we somehow naturally look for; and as it has been a fact for so long a time before us, perhaps we take it, too, as a matter of course that such people would make endeavor to depict objects which were constantly before their eyes in their common environment. A moment's consideration would also convince us that among these very Indians, as it is with more highly civilized races, there would be different degrees of merit exhibited, even among those who laid claim to being proficient in the same branch. I saw this well exemplified nearly a year ago, among the Zuñi women, as they fashioned and painted their pottery at the Pueblo, and no doubt it holds good everywhere and in all paths of human activity. It was very prettily brought before my mind in the case of the Zuñi women, for one of the group that I was watching on the occasion referred to was painting a jar for me, when I got her to understand that it was my wish that she should incorporate an animal and a few birds in her design. At this she despondingly shook her head, and pointed, with rather an envious gesture, I thought, to one of her companions who sat opposite, as the one who was skilled in that part of the work.

Another thing I have noticed is that the majority of these Indian artists are great mimics, and there is much to lead us to believe that many of their designs, both in pottery and in art, have become quite stereotyped. Not long ago I pointed out this fact in an article which I contributed to Science, wherein I showed how the Zuñis had clung, perhaps for ages, to a common model for the owl.

But to draw a locomotive at all well is a vastly different thing, and particularly so when it is done from memory alone. This is a great, complicated thing, crowded with detail, and an object which the majority of the Navajos have only had the opportunity of seeing for a few years. The question possesses no little interest from an educational point of view; for if one full-blooded Navajo Indian can, of his own volition, thus step out of the archaic aboriginal rut and make a passable picture of a steam

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engine, are there not hidden sparks and abilities in other directions, and how would this one thrive if it were properly guided and nourished?

Choh presented me with his drawing, and during the course of the day made me two others, upon some rather common drawing-paper which I gave him for the purpose. The last two efforts were even better than the one he had made for his own amusement, and each possesses points of interest that they do not have in common. I selected the one I considered the best of all, and present it here as one of the illustrations of this paper, it having been reduced rather more than one-third for the purpose.

In one of the others he drew the telegraph poles and wires alongside the track, and placed a bird on top of each pole-a very common sight in this prairie country; but the birds are entirely out of proportion with the rest of the picture, being fully ten times too large. In the third he has attempted to represent the rays of light as they issue from the headlight, and the steam in this one is blowing off. His powers of observation have served him well here, for he has drawn the white steam simply in outline, and has tried to show how it cuts through the smoke, which is drawn black as it comes from the stack.

One of the most interesting things to me was to observe the great care he took to show the "bright line" on the smoke-stack. Not only that, but he was familiar with the fact that it did not show on the under side of the upper enlarged portion of this part of the engine. He has likewise represented it upon the brass steam-chest and elsewhere, and there is an evident attempt to properly shade the body of the engine itself, or boiler. Now, surely this is good work for an untaught Indian, and I can attest it is far above anything that I have ever seen one of them attempt before, much less accomplish.

Again, the detail about the engine is by no means bad, and, moreover, each of these locomotives is upon a somewhat different model, as in one he has the bell in a frame in front of the sand-box; in another it is belted

to it; while finally, in the third, it is in the middle, between sand-box and steam-chest. The driving-gear is not as well shown in the figure as he is wont to make it sometimes, and one has but to watch him draw these parts to become satisfied that the man is ignorant of the principle involved. He invariably places two men within the cab, and takes evident pains to always draw the top of this part perfectly flat. For the tender he usually adopts one model, from which he rarely departs, though sometimes he fills it heaping full of coal, while at others, as in the illustration, he neglects to put any in at all. He has examined the method of coupling, for it is carefully shown in one of the figures.

It is an extraordinary thing to watch him put the letters on the tender and baggage cars. He must make these entirely from memory, yet he never strikes it as they should be, for it is quite evident that his combinations do not agree with the actual abbreviations used by the railway companies; yet Choh writes these on precisely as if he were positive as to their correctness, and we must own that the form of the majority of his capitals is not bad. He invariably, however, makes his great J's after this fashion, U, and nearly always turns his capital W's upside down. Often he places the oblique bar across the door of the baggage car, with a window above it; and I see in one of the drawings he has adopted the elevated plan of brakes seen in this class of cars. Here, again, however, it is quite clear that he has not mastered the use of this contrivance, perhaps one of the simplest in use of all the gearing employed upon a train of cars. The perspective for the wheels, and the proper way of drawing them upon the opposite rails, is another weak point, which he fills in with the shadow.

These are the leading points which occur to me for criticism in this drawing, that, taken as a whole, is truly a wonderful piece of work for one of these people. When we come to consider really how low they are in the scale of civilization, it is an astounding production. About Wingate, here, the majority of these savages live more like bears than men, sheltered, as they are, summer and winter, in the low, rude "shacks," which they build of limbs and twigs of trees on the hill-sides.

Moreover, it is not as if this man had the opportunity of studying a locomotive every day of his life, for the railway station is fully three miles from his Indian home, and there is nothing else to induce him to go there.

Rw. Thufredt

During the administration of President Polk Hon. Cavalry Morris of Marietta, Ohio, was in congress, and a warm friendship existed between ex-President John Quincy Adams and himself. Mr. Morris had a pretty daughter of sweet fifteen, who was a special favorite of Mr. Adams. Approaching him one day she requested his autograph and handed him her album. Looking into her fair childish face, which a celebrated artist once remarked furnished the finest blending of moral and intellectual beauty he had ever seen, Mr. Adams replied: "I will give you some advice for the future, my dear Mary."

The little girl sat by his side while he wrote an impromptu acrostic, which, through the courtesy of its possessor, is here presented in fac-simile.

John Quincy Adams
Quincy
Massachusetts

M ark the revolving Seasons as they roll
And let them teachinstruction to thy goul:
Read and reflect- and thus shall there ens
ensung
Youths 1. looming Bud and ages fruit mative
Mark in the progress our the stage of life
O me seems of Tolly wickectness and strife
Refrain from ear the temptations as they vise
Refrain; and look to this beyond the skies
In calm composure, Virtue's path pursue
I tift to thy self and to thy makes thes

Washington 27. Jat71843

Some years later the beautiful and accomplished young lady became the wife of Dr. Benjamin D. Blackstone, who is now a retired physician of Martinsville, Indiana. Among the mementos of the young wife who gladdened his early home but one short year, none are prized more highly than the old album leaf upon which these words are written.

Ella In M. Have

THE SCIOTO PURCHASE IN 1787*

It is hoped that this paper will serve to correct some of the many erroneous statements concerning the Scioto purchase in chapter eight of Ohio, in the Commonwealth series, as well as in other histories of the state of Ohio.

On the 23d of July, 1787, the congress of the United States, in consequence of a petition presented by Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent, authorized the board of treasury to contract on certain terms with any person or persons for the purchase of the land in the territory northwest of the river Ohio bounded by the same " from the mouth of the Scioto to the intersection of the western boundary of the seventh range of townships; thence by said boundary to the northern boundary of the tenth township from the Ohio; thence by a due west line to the Scioto; thence by the Scioto to the beginning." In pursuance of this authority the board of treasury, on the 27th of October following, made a contract for the sale of fifteen hundred thousand acres of land, lying between the seventh and seventeenth ranges and the Ohio river, to Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent "as agents for the directors of the Ohio company of associates so called." The consideration was one million of dollars in public securities, one-half of which was paid on signing the contract; the remainder was payable one month after the exterior line of the tract had been surveyed by the geographer or other proper officer of the United States. No title was to pass to the Ohio company until all payments were made, but the right was given to occupy and cultivate one-half of the tract fronting on the Ohio river between the seventh and fifteenth ranges of townships.

On the same day the board of treasury made a contract with "Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent for themselves and associates" for the sale to them of the remainder of the tract described in the ordinance of congress. Payments, at the rate of two-thirds of a dollar per

* Free use is made in this paper of chapter twelve of the Life of Manasseh Cutler, but many facts are given not accessible when that chapter was written. The contracts made by Mr. Barlow in France and much of his correspondence with Colonel Duer are owned by the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. They were obtained in various places, after years of persistent search, by Mr. John M. Newton, the accomplished librarian of the Young Men's Mercantile Library of Cincinnati. Other manuscripts referred to are in my possession. -E C. D.

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