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themselves some points of beauty, or are of curious shapes; may know them only by their common or local names, or may take up the subject in a purely scientific spirit, identifying a plant during its flowering stage and finally collecting its seeds when mature, labelling them with both common and scientific names, date of flowering and seeding, and laying away to form a part of what in time may grow to be a collection of real value.

One great objection that may be raised is undoubtedly the difficulty in correctly identifying seeds. There are indeed comparatively few botanists who claim to be able to identify more than a small proportion of the plants they may know, by the seed alone. But this fact only emphasizes the desirability of undertaking just this line of work, and but serves to illustrate the well-known fact that work of real. merit may not infrequently be done by the amateur who merely seeks recreation.

Washington, Sept. 13, 1893.

GEORGE P. MERRILL.

SCIENCE IN THE SCHOOLS.

In a recent article, that well-known scientist, Dr. Groff of Pennsylvania, stated that "it has long been the dream of scientists that the time would come when the elements of natural history and of the physical sciences would be taught in secondary and primary schools." The college professor would, indeed, welcome a greater familiarity on the part of students entering their departments, with the elements of the sciences; but just where this training should begin is not so clear. There is an organized effort being made in some of our leading educational cities to establish this work in not only the secondary schools, but in grammar and primary grades as well. While science should receive a large share of attention in the high schools, and presumably in the grammar grades, is it not going just a little too far to force such work into the primary grades? It would certainly appear that, with all the modern innovations already introduced into the primary rooms, sufficient diversion is secured, and certainly, for pure "busy work" the ideal seems to have been reached. Then why crowd these little minds with this additional load, unless it is really superior as a means of

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education to those studies that are generally acknowledgde so essential as a foundation for subsequent work? Again, I submit that in this early formative period, teaching and encouraging children to capture beautiful butterflies, moths, crickets, or, in fact, any other insects, with the purpose of killing them and picking them to pieces, is not inspiring a regard for God's creatures about them, which sentiment should be instilled into these little people rather than crushed out of existence.

But I think that most agree that somewhere in the imparted. Such, however, is the present crowded congrammar grades the elements of natural history should be dition of the curriculum of our grammar schools that but little, very little, time can be found for it. Nor, indeed, would it be desirable to take much of the pupil's time for such work, in view of the fact that so many studies of more practical importance in life are taught, and rightly, too, in these grades. In our public grammar schools many boys and girls are kept along from year to year at great sacrifices on the part of parents, and they should be allowed to devote their time to such studies as they will most need. It would, therefore, be manifestly unfair to attempt more than the most rudimentary science work in those grades below the high school. HENRY EDGERTON CHAPIN.

Ohio University, Athens, O.

THE IKONOMATIC METHOD.

It is strange how difficult it seems for some writers to understand this early, simple and widespread method of recording sounds.

Dr. Thomas in Science, Sept. 8, presents a singular instance of this, when commenting on my explanation of the use of the turtle-sign in the glyph for the Maya monthname Kayab. He says: "A compound of ak and yab cannot be a derivative of kay." Of course not! The nature of the ikonomatic theory forbids it; for this has reference not at all to derivation, but to other word or words with solely homophonic, and not etymologic, affinities.

When there are so many examples of ikonomatic hiero

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A CURIOUS freak of nature was recently discovered in a garden in this city. A stalk of maize or Indian corn failed to develop any ears at the regular places in the axils of the leaves, but instead a single spike of pistillate flowers (an ear) appeared at the end of the central pedicel of the tassel. This ear was about three inches in length, and apparently well formed, except that it lacked glumes. So being exposed to the sun its color was light green. The styles were perfectly developed, and six inches to a foot in length. The places of a few of the grains were occupied by staminate flowers.

Unfortunately this ear was not allowed to grow, and I am unable to say whether it would have developed any perfect grains or not.

Is it a reversion to some ancient form, or only an acci-
dental variation?
O. H. HERSHEY.
Freeport, Ill.

A MOUSE DESTROYING ITS YOUNG.

I ONCE had an opportunity of studying a mouse in a cage with a revolving wheel which it was fond of turning, as squirrels are larger but similar wheels. This cage had an apartment over the wheel in which it built a nest from

cotton furnished to it. It gave birth to three young mice
in the lower apartment, and after a little while removed
them to the nest above. One of these young fell out of
the nest to the space below. The mother carefully car-
ried it back again. It fell out a second time and was
once more replaced. It fell out a third time. The
mother then seized it as if angry and unwilling to waste
her energies on so troublesome an offspring, and de-
voured it with no more feeling than if it had been a bit
of cheese.
M. L. HOLBROOK.

GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF PLANTS.

COULD you or any of the readers of Science inform me through your columns where I can find a printed list or table showing the supposed relationships of the commonest genera of plants under the theory of evolution? In other words, I should wish to find a genealogical table of plants from the earliest times to the present day. Has any such work been attempted ? THOMAS MARWICK. New York, Sept. 21, 1893.

NUMBER-FORMS.

NUMBER-FORMS, such as described by Mr. Martin and Mr. Talcott Williams in recent issues of Science, were first brought to notice by Mr. Francis Galton in Nature, Jan. 15, 1880. In his "Inquiries into Human Faculty" (Macmillan, 1883) there are illustrations of more than fifty varieties of number-forms. A still larger number is given in a recent book by Flournoy (Des Phénomènes de Synopsie, Alcan., 1893). J. MCKEEN CATTELL

Columbia College, N. Y., Sept. 19.

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Terms of Subscription: In the United States, and to Canada and Mexico, $5 00 a year in ad vance. To Foreign Countries embraced in the Universal Postal Union, $1.56 a year additional. Single numbers, 15c. Ten consecutive numbers free by mail on receipt of $1.00.

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NEW METHOD OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS FROM LIGHTNING. SPARE THE ROD AND SPOIL THE HOUSE! Lightning Destroys. Shall it be Your House or a Pound of Copper?

PROTECTION FROM LIGHTNING.

What is the Problem?

IN seeking a means of protection from lightning-discharges, we have in view two objects,-the one the prevention of damage to buildings, and the other the prevention of Injury to life. In order to destroy & building in whole or in part, It is necessary that work should be done; that is, as physicists express it, energy is required. Just before the lightning-discharge takes place, the energy capable of doing the damage which we seek to prevent exists in the column of air extending from the cloud to the earth in some form that makes it capable of appearing as what we call electricity. We will therefore call it electrical energy. What this electrical energy is, it is not necessary for us to consider in this place; but that it exists there can be no doubt, as it manifests itself in the destruction of buildings. The problem that we have to deal with, therefore, is the conversion of this energy into some other form, and the accomplishment of this in such a way as shall result in the least injury to property and life.

Why Have the Old Rods Failed?

When lightning-rods were first proposed, the science of energetics was entirely undeveloped; that is to say, in the middle of the last century scientific men had not come to recognize the fact that the different forms of energy heat, electricity, mechanical power, etc.- were convertible one into the other, and that each could produce just so much of each of the other forms, and no more. The doctrine of the conservation and correlation of energy was first clearly worked out in the early part of this century. There were, however, some facts known in regard to electricity a hundred and forty years ago; and among these were the attracting power of points for an electric spark, and the conducting power of metals. Lightning-rods were therefore introduced with the idea that the electricity existing in the lightning-discharge could be conveyed around the building which it was proposed to protect, and that the building would thus be saved.

The question as to dissipation of the energy involved was entirely ignored, naturally; and from that time to this, in spite of the best endeavors of these Interested, lightning-rods constructed in accordance with Franklin's principle have not furnished satisfactory protection. The reason for this is apparent when it is considered that the olectrical energy existing in the atmosphere before the discharge, or, more exactly, in the column of dielectric from the cloud to the earth, above referred to, reaches its maximum value on the surface of the conductors that chance to be within the column of dielectric; so that the greatest display of energy will be on the surface of the very lightningrods that were meant to protect, and damage results, as so often proves to be the case.

It will be understood, of course, that this display of energy on the surface of the old lightning-rods is aided by their being more ori si insulated from the earth, but in any event the very existence of such a mass of metal as an old lightning-rod can only tend to produce a disastrous dissipation of electrical energy upon its surface,-"to draw the lightning," as it is so commonly put.

Is there a Better Means of Protection ?

Having cleared our minds, therefore, of any idea of conducting electricity, and keeping clearly in view the fact that in providing protection against lightning we must furnish some means by which the electrical energy may be harmlessly dissipated, the question arises, "Can an improved form be given to the rod so that it shall & this dissipation ? "

As the electrical energy involved manifests itself on the surface of conductors, the improved rod should be metallic; but, instead of making a large rod, suppose that we make it comparatively small in size, so that the tial amount of metal running from the top of the house to some point a little below the foundations shall not exceed one pound. Suppose, again, that we introduce numerous insulating joints in this rod. We shall then have a rod that experience shows will be readily destroyed-will be readily dissipated when a discharge takes place; and it will be evident, that, so far as the electrical energy is consumed in doing this, there will be the less to do other damage.

The only point that remains to be proved as to the utility of such a rod is to show that the dissipation of such a conductor does not tend to injure other bodies in its immediate vicinity. On this point I can only say that I have found no case where such a conductor (for instance, a bell wire) has been dissipated, even if resting against a plastered wall, where there has been any material damage done to surrounding objects.

Of course, it is readily understood that such an explosion cannot take place in a confined space without the rupture of the walls (the wire cannot be boarded over); but in every case that I have found recorded this dissipation takes place just as gunpowder burus when spread on a board. The objects against which the conductor rests may be stained, but they are not shattered, I would therefore make clear this distinction between the action of electri cal energy when dissipated on the surface of a large conductor and when dissipated on the surface of a comparatively small or easily dissipated conductor. When dissipated on the surface of a large conductor, a conductor so strong as to resist the explosive effect, - damage results to objects around. When dissipated on the surface of a small conductor, the conductor goes, but the other objects around are saved

A Typical Case of the Action of a Small Conductor. Franklin, in a letter to Collinson read before the London Royal Society, Dec. 18, 1755, describing the partial destruction by lightning of a church-tower at Newbury, Mass., wrote, "Near the bell was fixed an iron hammer to strike the hours; and from the tail of the hammer a wire went down through a small gimlet-hole in the floor that the bell stood upon, and through a second floor in like manner; then horizontally under and near the plastered ceiling of that second floor, till it came near a plastered wall; then down by the side of that wall to a clock, which stood about twenty feet below the bell. The wire was not bigger than a common knitting needle. The spire was split all to pieces by the lightning, and the parts flung in all directions over the square in which the church stood, so that nothing remained above the bell. The lightring passed between the hammer and the clock in the above-mentioned wire without hurting either of the floors, or having any effect upon them (except making the gimlet-holes, through which the wire passed, a little bigger), and without hurting the plastered wall, or any part of the building, so far as the aforesaid wire and the pendulum-wire of the clock extended; which latter wire was about the thickness of a goose-qu'll. From the end of the pendulum, down quite to the ground, the builing was exceedingly rent and damaged. No part of the aforementioned long, small wire, between the clock and the hammer, could be found, except about two inches that hung to the tall of the hammer, and about as much that was fastened to the clock; the rest being exploded, and its particles dissipated in smoke and air, as gunpowder is by common fire, and had only left a black smutty track on the playtering, three or four inches broad, darkest in the middle, and fainter towards the edges, all along the ceiling, under which it passed, and down the wall. One hundred feet of the Hodges Patent Lightning Dispeller (made under patents of N. D. C. Hodges, Editor of Science) will be mailed, postpaid, to any address, on receipt of five dollars ($5).

Correspondence solicited. Agents wanted. AMERICAN LIGHTNING PROTECTION CO, 874 Broadway, New York Citv.

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