n contemplating the aspects of nature," and "derives enjoymert from studying the forms, habits, and relationships of animals and plants," but how can he do so, and thus become a "biologist," unless he peers "through the tube of a compound microscope," etc., and does his proper hardening, and staining, and "monographs the same bit of tissue." How such investigations can "obscure the objects" we are trying to explain is rather a mystery. If, at least, anybody allows them to obscure our general views, there can be no speaking of scientific work. Natural history has become, in our century, so broad that no man possibly can become a "general naturalist" or a good "faunal naturalist" any more; he will, at least, not be able to treat all the questions that arise in any other way but in that of the amateur. The objects of our investigations lie a little deeper than to glance at all that is "most beautiful" and attractive to the eye.

How the article comes to the conclusion that the study of the minute structure is histology or that of development embryology, is rather doubtful. Further, I am anxious to know if any of the readers walking over the scientific border-land commanded by the naturalist who might be educated according to the principles given in the article of which we speak did ever meet with "the various pathogenic micrococci of fermentation and disease" which are mentioned (p. 353). However, I shall not enter upon further details, but turn towards the view expressed in the said article about "section-cutters and physiologists," and I shall try to show that the work done by the workers in this particular field is far from being one-sided, at least, when we are speaking of real scientific men who put an equally fair valuation on all of the branches of their science. There are, as Professor E L. Greene said, "a good many men trying to figure somewhere" as scientific writers, but where are the scientific men to be found when we look towards the "scientific border-land" (Greene)? Therefore, we shall see that the right sort of scientific physiologists do not dare to depreciate any of the branches of their science.

Professor P. L. Panum once said that he who would not acknowledge physiology as the fundament of pathology and of the other departments of medical science has no right to be called a scientist. The vegetable physiologist who does not know anything about the principles of agriculture, horticulture, and forestry also loses this right, and so he does, if he is ignorant with regard to a great deal of the practical, industrial branches.. If we go to the opposite side, he must know how to carry out more minute investigations; he cannot avoid being something of a "slicecutter," and if he should be unfortunate enough to find "some new form of cell or new property of protoplasm," he must understand how to trace such a discovery as far as it can be traced. I am, therefore, very much surprised to hear that "the modern school of histologists, under the head of biology, teach little besides the minute structure and function of tissues." For my personal account, I have studied physiology almost from the time when I could appreciate the blessings of the study of natural history, but I have never met a man who claimed to be a physiologist,- in casu vegetable physiologist,- and who, speaking, for example, of the nitrogen question, did not know the theoretical investigations quite as well as the practical experiments with fertilizers. it must be noted that natural science has, at present, reached such an extent that no man possibly can cover the whole ground. Thus we have, with regard to special work, to become specialists, and, therefore, it is possible to take a farmer's boy and make out of him "a general naturalist of the present day" or a "local faunal" or floral "naturalist." He will be no scientific

man.

66

But

Biological" teaching is a failure for other reasons than those presented in the article. A college professor may offer a course in " general biology" and include "cell structure and the structure of the less complex tissues of animals and plants." But this is not "general biology;" the structure of two different forms has not the least to do with biology, it comes under the heading of internal or external morphology, and, when making a study of this kind, the student does not see more of life in general and of the laws by which it is governed than he saw before. Here the experimental physiology of animals and plants must be held up before a school of "biologists" who are following a phantom of

their own imagination if they really believe that function can be explained out of form. It is here that "the pendulum has swung too far," and it is not in the direction of "exclusive microscopic and physiologic work." The latter is safe enough. The fault lies entirely in the methods of modern biology, which begins with giving itself a wrong definition. If the modern biologist had cared more for experimental physiology, he would know now how to direct his actions when the pendulum "swings back."

If I understand the article aright, the student should begin his biological work with elementary " general biology." He will, then, come to the university without, practically speaking, knowing anything about "biological" questions, and he will plunge into the study of cell-structure at once. This beginning of a course would be anything but beneficial to the young, ignorant student. If we take the example of the farmer's boy, he would naturally have to start with the study of what we call external morphology, collect plants, insects, or shells, and perhaps study their ways. It would be entirely lost on him to train him in the study of the cell and its organs. The other special sides of biology which are proposed for study are: 2. Morphology, taxonomy, and relationships; 3. systematic work in widely-separated groups; 4. faunal work; 5. the distribution of life in time and space; 6. the principles and philosophy of biology.

These are the constituents of "biology!"

If it were so, the condition of natural science would be very lamentable. Not a single word or hint is given about the existence of experimental work, which should be the main factor in the whole course of training. It is true, as has been said, that "sham" is a hard expression, but here it might be used very properly. Many of the "biologists" of the present day will hardly understood my view, because they have been taught to regard the study of morphology as the essential part of their biological studies, but the physiologists will do so, because they know that we can take but very few steps in any direction without experiment. So long as biological courses do not include a proper course in experimental physiology of animals and plants, they cannot be called properly scientific. Anybody who will not believe this may be referred to Paul Bert's "La Science Experimentale."

There is no danger that I should have misunderstood the article. I see clearly that it wishes the "systematic biology,” which might have been called, more logically, biological classification, to take a place a little more ahead of what it holds at present. But, trying to give a fair valuation of the other branches of physiology, it fails entirely. It is well known how language can command the thoughts, and if biologists go forth without knowing what they are teaching, the present confusion will grow instead of being settled. Perhaps biology" will gain more and more lovers and become (as it is) very fashionable, but the amount of restless work, chasing new problems and pursuing all that is interesting merely because it is new, will not, in time, be very much valued. Nothing can save biology" except experimental physiology. J. CHRISTIAN BAY. Missouri Botanical Garden, July 7.

Mr. McGee and the Washington Symposium. It strikes me as curious, and certainly cor trary to scientific usage, that the succinct statements made by Mr. King as to the limitations of his inferences on the earth's age are ignored by our Washington friends. One might actually imagine that we were not on the scent of polymerism considered either with reference to its volume or the inseparable thermal effect; or that we were unaware of the high pressure and long range thermal variations of the physical constants of rocks. It takes so little time, so little cerebration to adduce critical commonplaces of this nature,

If there was one subject in which we imagined that our work had reached the point of prolixity, it was the change of chemical or molecular constitution as resulting from temperature and stress. (f. Am. Journ., xxxiil., p. 28, 1887; ibi., xxxvii., pp. 339, 351, 1889; ibid., xlil., p. 498, 1891; ibid., xliv., p. 242, 1892; etc.; Phil. Mag, xxxl., p. 9, et. req, particularly § 25, 1891; ibid., xxxv, p. 174, § 3, 1893; Am. Chem. Journa', xl, p. 1, 1890; Bull. U. S. Geolog. Survey, No. 94, 1892; and elsewhere). And row comes Mr. McGee with obviously well-meant instruction on the feasibility of our polymeric mechanism.

that they are always bountifully forthcoming. But the things which one really wants, the physical character of an alleged discrepancy, its numerical value, the so-many per cent of error under such conditions, these one is left to wish for in vain, supposing that one has not long since learned to pay the personal groaning for the personal satisfaction. So far as I am concerned, if I could not adequately state how big a sin it is under which somebody else is staggering, I should prefer to hold my peace, believing that matters of vague conjecture are not fit to be chronicled. Nobody on the same side of common sense would today attempt to exhaust so complex a problem as the one in question in a single instance. It is reasonable, however, to try to remove piece by piece, element by element. What we did was an endeavor to remove the preponderating element, and I must re iterate that if our respite had not been cut short by recent unfavorable legislation, other things would have been brought out in their turn and in due time. Perhaps it is heresy to state that an immense future awaits laboratory research in physical geology; but stating it, one would like to refer not so much to the punching of clay or the pulling of taffy candy, as to legitimate physical measurement However, others have survived even the odium of cultivating "exact" methods. We are soothing ourselves with the comfort of so thinking. Phys. Laboratory, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.

CARL BARUS.

The Lac de Marbre Trout, A New Species. DESCRIPTION: B. 11 12; D. 13; A. 13; V. 9; P. 14; Vertebræ, 60.

The specimen described is about twelve inches in length. Body subfusiform, compressed, pointed at snout, slender at the tail. Height of body near one-sixth of the total length; head one-fifth, crown convex. Snout one and one third, and interorbital space one and one-half times the eye. Eye little less than onefifth of the head, two-thirds of the space between the orbits on the forehead. Mouth large; maxillary straight, extending backward almost as far as the hinder edge of the eye, bearing strong teeth on its lower edge for nearly its entire length. Teeth on intermaxillary and mandibles stronger. The tongue bears a series of four strong booked teeth at each side, and behind the glossohyal on the basibranchials there is a band of several series of smaller ones. Gill rakers straight, short, sharp, rough, 8 + 14 on the first arch. Opercle thin, with a few striæ. Scales very small; apparently there are about two hundred and thirty in the series immediately above the lateral line and more than two hundred and fifty in a row five or six scales above this. Distance from first ray of dorsal to end of snout little more than that from the same ray to the tip of the adipose fin. The middle of the total length falls halfway between the ends of the hinder rays of the dorsal and its base. Dorsal and anal fins are slightly emarginate at the ends of their median rays. Pectorals and ventrals small; base of latter slightly behind the middle of that of the dorsal. Caudal pedicel slender, notch very deep, hinder border sinuous, as in Salmo alpinus, lobes pointed. The caudal notch is deeper in this species than in any other of the American forms except S. namaycush.

Back dark brown with an iridescent blueish tint, unspotted. Dorsal dark, clouded, without spots or bands. Pectorals, anal and ventrals orange in the middle, yellowish or whitish toward bases and at their margins. The dark color of the back shades into whitish tinged with pink below the lateral line. Ventral surface white, no doubt reddish in breeding season. Head black on top, silvery on the cheeks, white beneath.

Flesh pink.

Caudal fin yellowish toward the base, brown toward the hinder border, which has a narrow edging of light color. Faint areas of lighter tint suggest a few spots of red in life along the lateral line; the condition of the specimens is such that this may be left in question, as also the number of caeca or presence of parrbands of which there are faint indications.

This fish is evidently allied to the blue-back of the Rangeley Lakes, S. oquassa, but reaches a greater size than that species,

and is readily distinguished by the maxillary and its dentition, the caudal fin, and the coloration. Similarly when compared with S. arcturus, S. stagnalis and S. Rossi, it is seen to be quite distinct. With the saibling, S. alpinus, introduced in Sunapee Lake and elsewhere, it has still less in common.

Our specimens were taken in Lac de Marbre, Ottawa County, Province of Quebec, Canada, whence they were sent by favor of the Hon. J. G. A. Creighton. They reached us at the instance of Mr. A. N. Cheney, fishing editor of Shooting and Fishing, who when asked to suggest a specific name replied with the question, "How would it do to name it for Mr. R. B. Marston, editor of Fishing Gazette, London, an Englishman overflowing with good feeling for everything pertaining to fish, fishing and America, and who is doing much to enhance friendly interest between the people of the two countries?" In consequence of the suggestion this handsome char, one of the handsomest of our species, is introduced under the name, Salmo (Salvelinus) Marstoni, S. GARMAN.

Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Tucumcari.

THE writer first visited this historic locality in 1887, before he had had opportunity to define the Denison beds at the top of his Lower Cretaceous section in northern Texas, and fell into the error, which others have not escaped, of concluding, from the peculiar Jurassic-like Gryphœa dilatata, Marcou, the only fossils found upon that visit, that the beds were Jurassic, and so published his opinion.

Later, however, after having had an opportunity to complete his study and arrangement of the stratigraphy of the Comanche series in central Texas, he discovered in the Denison beds1 of his Washita Division certain features which led him to believe that his early diagnosis of the Tucumcari beds was erroneous, and that they were really closely allied in age to the Denison beds. Under this impression, which was communicated orally to all interested, he availed himself of the first opportunity to revisit Tucumcari, He then discovered in association with G. dilatata April 30, 1891.

the list of additional species herewith given, and, at earliest opportunity, under date of May, 1892, published, in a general discussion of the region, the following revision of his previous conclusions, which was the first printed announcement of the Cretaceous age of the G. dilatata beds:

"The Trinity Sands and Red Bed Regions.

"The writer has twice visited the Mesa Tucumcari and found it a most interesting geological remnant of the former area of the Llano Estacado. The table or summit described by Capt. Simpson is covered with the typical Llano Estacado formation, identical in composition and formerly continuous with the sheet which covers the Llano proper, some 20 miles distant. Below this is a vertical escarpment of 50 feet or more of typical Dakota sandstone resting upon loose sands and clays, forming a slope identical in aspect and fossil remains with the Denison beds of the Washita Division, which have been eroded away from the 400 miles intervening between it and the main body of those beds at Denison, Texas. Beneath this is a large deposit of the typical Trinity sands country 3 of white pack sands, thin clay seams, and flagstones, while the base is composed of the typical vermilion sandy clays of the Red Beds."

3

Notwithstanding the above clear statement of my opinions, the Third Annual Report of the Geological Survey, printed nearly a half-year afterward, devotes many pages to asserting that I held to the Jurassic age of the O. dilatata beds at Tucumcari. Upon pointing out this misquotation, instead of acknowledging the error, and repairing the injustice, it was followed up by a privately

1 Denison beds as originally defined and used by writer. Not the Denison beds of Taff, as used in an entirely different meaning. Compare Bulletin of Geological Society of America, Vol. II., p. 591, and Third Annual Report of Texas State Geological Survey.

2 "On the Occurrence of Artesian and Other Underground Waters in Texas, Eastern New Mexico, and Indian Territory West of the 97th Meridian," by Robert Thomas Hill (being part of Vol. III. of Senate Document 41, 1st Session, 52d Congress, Washington, May, 1892.

3 For country of " read "consisting of "— a typographic error.

printed, bitter, and vindictive attack upon my report, endeavoring to discredit all the work I had done in the Texas region. This last-mentioned paper is so utterly incorrect in its assertions, and so malicious in tone, that I do not think it needs other answer than a perusal of it. Certainly it has no place in scientific literature, and if any of my friends should be so deceived by it as to believe any of its assertions, I shall be glad to clear any doubts by correspondence.

In Science of May 26, 1893, p. 283, the author of the foregoing attacks again misquotes me by saying that after my second visit to Tucumcari I again affirmed Marcou's reference, an assertion which has no foundation, for hardly had the two lines after my first visit been printed before I realized my mistake, and orally communicated it to everyone interested, and have never since maintained by word or pen, and was the first to publish the true age of these beds.

It was impossible, in a general report written upon the subject of Artesian Water, to go into controversy over the age of a fossiliferous horizon. I had given a full outline of the region with its broader problems in a Bulletin of the Geological Society of America for 1891, entitled "Notes on the Texas New Mexico Region." In this paper I clearly set forth the Tertiary age of the Llano Estacado,, and amplified many points which have since been published entirely de novo. Inasmuch as several parties have criticised me in public print for not giving the minutiæ of Tucumcari, I submit the following amplification of my previous remarks, and hope it will prove satisfactory to all fair-minded readers.

White, calcareous, silicious, marly limestone of character peculiar to Tertiary formations of Great Plains.....

5. Escarpment around summit of Mesa (Dakota).

Consisting of the massive brown-yellow sandstone, which I had traced for days from La Mora, and other points on the Las Vegas Plateau, and which Stevenson had called (I think properly) Dakota. Estimated to be about.....

4. Crumbling yellow sandstone at base of above, and (4a) Gentler slope, forming bench around summit escarpment, (Washita) Division of Comanche series. Decomposing sandstone of base of 4, and arenaceous clays and marls. Containing fauna of Denison beds, Washita Division at top, and G. dilatat, Marcou, in debris, apparently weathered out ....

3. Shoulder at base of above.

Impure, yellow, arenaceous stone... Pedestal, or lower slope of Mesa. 2a. Upper part (Trinity).

White and red unconsolidated sands (pack sands), with thin strata of dimension-layers of hard quartzitic rock, and thin layers of blue clay, resembling in general character the Potomac sands of Maryland and the Trinity Sands of Texas. This horizon contains a peculiar granular mineral, resembling red coral, and outcrops in all the escarpment of the Las Vegas Plateau on the north side of the Canadian, and is denominated the white band in that region, to distinguish it from the brown band (Dakota) and underlying Red Beds...

25-30

75

100

15

150

9. Ammonites leonensis, Conrad. United States and Mexican Boundary Survey.

In addition to the above there are four species of Pelecy opoda, which I am unable to determine generically, but they resemble Astarte, Lucina, Panopœa, and Isocardia.

All of the species enumerated, with the exception of No. 2 (G. dilatata, Marcou), occur elsewhere in the greatest abundance and similarly associated in the Washita Division of the Comanche Series of Texas and Mexico, and, with the exception of Nos. 5 and 8, have never been found in any other beds than those of the Washita Division. Nos. 5 and 8 range downward into the Fredericksburg Division.

No 1 (Turbinolia texana Con.) has not been reported east of the Pecos, but it occurs near El Paso, and at Arivichi, Sonora (as shown by Gabb), associated with a fauna similar to that of Tucumcari

The forms from No 2 to No. 9, inclusive, are the most common and characteristic species of the Washita Division, and can be collected at nearly any locality where the entire division is exposed, between Marietta, Indian Territory, and the Rio Grande.

The ammonite is the common, characteristic ammonite of the Fort Worth beds of the Washita Division, at Denison, Fort Worth, Austin, and elsewhere, and has hitherto not been found except in the Fort Worth beds of the Washita Division.

Ostrea quadricostata, Shun., Trigonia emoryii, Con., and the other species mentioned are especially characteristic of the Denison or uppermost beds of the Washita Division, at Denison, an i hence my reference of these beds at Tucumcari to the Denison beds of the Washita Division

As I have previously maintained, G. dilatata, Marcou, is a good species, entirely distinct from G pitcheri, Morton, and, as bas been said, has remarkable resemblance to the Jurassic G. dilatata of Sowerby. Under these con !itions it is not strange, then, that before the stratigraphic and paleontologic position of the Washita Division was known, that the distant Tucumeari beds should bare been adjudged Jurassic upon the evidence of the two species collected therefrom by Marcou, which certainly have, when considered alone, a most Jurassic aspect.1

The section and list of fossils above given differ in detail from those published on page 208 of the Third Annual Report of the Texas State Geological Survey. The two lists, however, both show the Gryphaea dilatata beds to be of the age of the Washita Division of the Comanche Series, and the author of the Texas report, which was printed several months after the writer's, came to the same conclusion, although he seems to have been unaware of the fact that the writer had abandoned his early reference of the G. dilatata beds to the Jurassic. With the exception that the beds which the writer refers to the Trinity, are referred by the Texas author to the Triassic, there is no dissimilarity between their conclusions.

Following is the list of fossils published in the Texas reports, "collected from the Tucumcari beds in the vicinity of Tucuuieari

1 Gryphæa dilatata, var. tucumcari, Marcou, and O. marshii, Marcou.

and Pyramid Mountains." It is unfortunate that the exact locality of the collection is not given:

Gryphæa dilatata var. tucumcari, Marcou.

Ostrea marshii, as determined by Marcou. Gryphaa pitcheri, Morton,

Exogyra texana, Roemer.

wards I found that the rain was still falling in the wood, but that it ceased as soon as I emerged into the open country. The ground, too, within the wood was wet, still all around it was dry. Hence it appeared that a slight rain must have been falling for the greater part of the day within the wood, but not in the bare fields and heath land outside.

Thus under certain conditions of the weather the presence of trees may determine rainfall which would not take place in their absence. J. W. SLATER.

London, England.

Ostrea quadriplicata, Shumard.

Trigonia emoryii, Conrad.

Cardium hillanum, Sow.

Cytherea leonensis, Conrad.

Turritella seriatim granulata, Roemer.

Pinna, Sp.

Ammonites.

Pecten.

Finally, the writer wishes to state that he is not prepared, nor does he desire, to write a final treatise on the Tucumcari, which can never be properly related until the atlas-sheets of the United States Geological Survey are completed for the region. Tucumcari is but a single station in the vast group of phenomena belonging to the deposition and degradation of the Las Vegas and Llano Estacado Plateaus and the Canadian Valley, and to be properly understood, it would be necessary to write a treatise on the whole region. One thing is settled beyond all doubt in my mind, howand that is that the G. dilatata beds of the region do not belong to the Jurassic, but are undoubtedly of Cretaceous age. On the other hand, it may also be safely assumed that the Gryphœa dilatata, Sow., of Marcou, is not the same as G. pitcheri, Morton, as has been asserted by many authors, nor does it occur in the Cretaceous beds of central Texas, so far as the writer is aware. But this is a question which cannot be discussed intelligibly until a thorough revision of the Gryphæas is made.

ever,

In conclusion, permit me to say that there is not one trace of the Jurassic formation over the Texas region, as Mr. Marcou so positively affirms, and, furthermore, that there is no evidence that it was ever there, the whole trend of the testimony being to show that that region was land during the Jurassic period.

If the writer should devote his time to criticising the works of his contemporaries or predecessors, he would have little time for research. It has been my practice, however, under the opinion that all knowledge is progressive, to see the good in the works of others, and to correct any errors without abuse. In all I have published on the Texas region, there is not a line which was written with the desire to discredit any man, and yet I believe that my severest critics will confess that there has been great advance in opinion since I undertook the renaissance of geologic study in Texas.

My collections from Tucumcari are in Washington, and are open to the inspection of anyone inter sted. ROBT. T. HILL.

Chloropia.

THE case of Wallian, reported on page 360 of the latest volume of Science, would seem to be one of temporary Chloropia. More extended and carefully recorded observations, while the observer is looking at various objects under various conditions, would be very desirable. E. W. SCRIPTURE.

Yale University, New Haven.

Trees as a Factor in Climate.

I ONCE observed a signal case of the effect of trees in determining rainfall. A few years ago I was walking along a road in the so-called backbone of England at an elevation of from 800 to 1,000 feet above the sea level. It was a dull, calm October day, and the hills on either side were cased in mist. Where I was no rain was falling and the ground was quite dry. As I passed on the road entered and traversed a wood of fir trees. Here I at once encountered a gentle drizzle. Far from suspecting that the trees were playing any part in the matter, I concluded that the expected wet weather had at last set in. When the road emerged from the wood at its opposite extremity I found that no rain was there falling or had fallen. Still I did not connect the trees with the downfall, but imagined that the weather had again improved.

On returning from my destination about three hours after

Mineral Wax.

I notice an account and inquiry in Science of June 16 in regard to the receipt at the National Museum of specimens of natural wax coming from Portland, Oregon, derived from the shores of the Columbia River, and from other accounts it is found along the coast from the Columbia River to Puget's Sound.

The material has been well known for the past half century as mineral wax, native paraffin, ozokerite and lastly as ozocerite, a hydrc-carbon compound (hydrogen, 15 per cent; carbon, 85 per cent — variable); supposed to be derived from bituminous and lignite coal formation by infiltration and crystallization. It is generally found in situ in the neighborhood of coal and lignite beds and in the bituminous clays or shales.

The legend as to its being derived from a wreck is a most absurd one. It is a resinous wax in consistency and translucency, with structure sometimes foliated; color brown or yellowishbrown by transmitted light; leek green by reflected light; odor, aromatic, in specimens that I bave examined, having the characteristics and feel of beeswax that had been lying for some time in water.

It is mined in variable quantities in Germany, Austria, Turkey, and England, associated with the soft coal and lignite beds.

In Galicia alone about 30,000 tons have been mined since its discovery there in 1859. It is used in Europe principally in the manufacture of candles and by refining in place of beeswax and paraffin. It is said to be an excellent electrical insulator.

In the United States it is mined in situ at Soldiers Summit, Uintah County, and in Emery County, Utah. Sixty-five thousand pounds were marketed in 1888, with a yearly increasing output. The whole product of the United States in 1890, including the Oregon find, reached 350,000 pounds.

The imports of mineral wax, ozocerite, under the names of bay or myrtle, Brazilian and Chinese wax, in 1890 were over one and a half million pounds.

It has been found in situ in thin seams in the lignite beds of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. The deposits along the Columbia River and on the sea-shore of Oregon are no doubt the debris from lignite beds near by. C. D. HISCOX.

361 Broadway, New York.

BOOK-REVIEWS.

The Seismological Journal of Japan. Edited by JOHN MILNE, F.R.S.

In

IN 1880 the Seismological Society of Japan was founded by a number of earnest students of seismology in that country, prominent amongst whom was the editor of this Journal. the earlier years of its existence its membership included such well-known names as Milne, Gray, Ewing, Mendenhall and others at that time resident in Japan, and their interest in the science led especially to the invention of many instrumental appliances for the study of earthquake phenomena, some of which have been copied wherever earthquakes are observed, and in some respects have revolutionized the science of experimental seismology. It also resulted in the establishment of a chair of seismology in the Imperial University of Japan, and the organization of a bureau controlling a central observatory and some 700 outside stations. Of late years, however, the interest in the society has declined, partly through the return of some of its most active supporters to England and America, and, after publishing sixteen volumes of Transactions, in 1892 the society ceased to exist. Professor Milne, however, still remains in Japan and has determined to continue the publication of seismological literature in the present

journal, which is therefore to be regarded, not as an entirely new venture, but as a continuation of the series heretofore known as the Transactions of the Seismological Society. The new journal is issued in the same form and from the same printers as the old Transactions, and the first number, now at hand, bears on its title page Vol. XVII, which is its number in the old series, so that the new volumes can be bound uniformly with those previously issued. The annual subscription is five dollars.

6

In this number the first article is on The Mitigation of Earth. quake Effects and Certain Experiments in Earth Physics" by Professor Milne, in which various lines of experiment are proposed that might possibly lead to the prediction of severe earthquakes so as to guard against their effects. In the second, "On the Application of Photography to Seismology and Volcanic Phenomena," Professor W. K. Burton describes with illustrations the photographic records from Milne's t ́emor indicators. In the third Professor Milne gives an abstract of the "Seismometrical Observations for the Year 1890," from which it appears that in that year 815 earthquakes were felt in Japan, of which 49 were classed as severe, 264 as moderate and 532 as feeble. Of the severe earthquakes, four (Jan. 7, Mar. 19, Apr. 16, Nov. 17) were accorded more detailed description. In the fourth article "On the Overturning and Fracturing of Brick and other Columns, by Horizontally Applied Motion," Professor Milne and F. Omori describe a very interesting series of experiments, wherein various objects such as blocks of wood of different dimensions, bricks, columns built of brick or of cement, were mounted on a wheeled truck to which a reciprocating horizontal motion could be communicated, and the circumstances of the motion, with the overturning or fracture of the object, were electrically recorded. From the data the maximum velocity and maximum accelleration necessary for overturning were calculated and compared with the experimental results with a fairly good agreement. In an article on "Earth Pulsations in Regard to Certain Natural Phenomena and Physical Investigations," Professor Milne concludes that "the movements called earth tremors are move

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ments in the crust of the earth not altogether unlike the swell upon the ocean," and infers a connection between them and the steepness of the barometric gradient. In an article “On the Movements of Horizontal Pendulums," he gives an abstract with notes of certain observations made by Dr. E. von Rebeur-Paschwitz at Potsdam, Wilhelmshaven and Teneriffe, and published in the Astronomische Nachrichten. F. Omori gires "A Note on Old Chinese Earthquakes," and as the concluding article Professor Milne gives a twenty-page "Note on the Great Earthquake of October 28, 1891," the phenomena of which are further discussed in his report to the British Association, 1892, and the complete account of which is to be issued under the auspices of the Imperial University of Japan, but is not yet ready for publication. According to the statements of this account the killed numbered 9,960, wounded 19,994, and houses totally destroyed 128,750. The immediate cause of the disaster was the formation of a fault which can be traced on the surface of the earth for a distance of between forty and fifty miles, and shows a difference of level amounting in many places to twenty or thirty feet. There is also abundant evidence of horizontal displacements, sometimes as great as eighteen feet, and the whole Neo Valley appears to have suffered a, permanent compression, becoming narrower, the piers of bridges being left closer together than before the earthquake. There were also many observations of surface waves in the earth, involving a perceptible tilting of objects resting upon it; and the maximum horizontal motion indicated by the instruments was from 25 mm to 35 mm, with a period of from 1 to 2.5 seconds.

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