king!" must become a great personage. Vanity, hope, ambition, repeat in his ear the title of General to his most Christian Majesty, and paint before his mind's eye the homage which such a title once secured to its possessor in circles of no inferior lustre; with the look of scorn which he will cast on those who once summoned him to the bar of the municipality. These ideas are so natural, that they can escape nobody: -Every officer feels them; whence it follows that they are all suspected by each other. Fear and mistrust produce deliberation and coldness. The soldier, when not electrified by his officer, is still more discouraged, and thus the chain of discipline receives that inexplicable shock which suddenly breaks it: one turns his eyes to the royal paymaster, who approaches: another seizes the opportunity to return to his family. No one commands; no one obeys; cohesion is no more!

vor.

• It is otherwise with the citizens. One goes; another comes : each fears him in whom he would confide. Doubt consumes hours, when minutes are decisive: audacity attacks prudence: the old man wants resolution, and the young man needs advice. On the one side, are terrible dangers; on the other, certain amnesty and probable faWhere are the means of resistance? where are the leaders? who can be trusted? There is no danger in being quiet: but the least movement may lead to irremediable error. "Let us wait, then;" and they wait. The next day, comes an account that some fortress has opened its gates to the returning sovereign. Another reason for waiting. The news was false: but two other towns, which thought it true, were duped by it and really surrendered. They set an example which they thought they were receiving, and they determine the first fortress to do the same. The governor, who presented to the king the keys of this good city, is created on the spot a marshal of France! Every minute, the royalist party strengthens: it soon becomes irresistible. "Long live the king!" exclaim affection and fidelity, on the tiptoe of exultation. "Long live the king!" plies the republican hypocrite, on the knees of terror. There is now but one outcry, and the king is anointed."

re

Far be it from us to grudge the luxury of such hopes to the emigrants. There is, however, one great difference between the present state of France and that of England in 1660, which leads us to doubt the eventual fulfilment of these expectations. Cromwell had in 1657 dissolved the parliament of the commonwealth, and had not suffered its re-election: so that no body of national representatives existed to marshal the republican against the royalist party: the one was without and the other with a leader. Besides, the parliaments of the commonwealth were never founded on a system of extensive suffrage: the members represented the scanty and not the numerous classes of the people, the proprietors and not the traders: they consisted chiefly of those individuals of the landed aristocracy, who patronized presbyterian and independent chaplains, and thus secured some popular adherents. Townsmen

14

Townsmen were in general very indifferent to their ascendancy." In France, the national representation is not liable either to interruption or to dissolution; a majority always continues empowered: it is founded on very extensive suffrage, and must therefore perpetually involve the allegiance of a majority of the people: it represents townsmen rather than countrymen; and it possesses, therefore, more completely than did the English commonwealth, the choice of the impulse to be given to the principal accumulations of populousness. To a change from without, the constitution of France opposes the stronger obstacle.

ART, XXXI. Nosographie Philosophique, &c. i. e. Philosophical Nosology, or the Application of the Analytical Method to Médicine. By. PH. PINEL, Professor in the Medical School of Paris. 2 Vols. 8vo. Paris. 1798.

N his classification of diseases, this writer has followed the I plan of modern chemists and lithologists, which gives his nosology a decided superiority over all preceding books of the The work is divided into six parts, forming so many particular treatises that branch of practical medicine, which is the subject of each class.

same nature.

Fevers constitute the first class, the divisions of which are not assumed from the doctrine of humours; which is rejected by the author, as contrary to obstion and medical philosophy. He assumes, as the basis of his division, the different lesions of sensibility in the arteries, in the membranes of the stomach, in the glands, and in the whole system according to the diminution or irregularity of the vital forces. From these principles, he deduces the following five orders in the class of

- fevers:

1. Angio-tenical.

2. Meningo-gastrical.

3. Adeno-meningical.

4. Adynamical.

5. Ataxical.

In the description of each particular fever, he prefers the characters given by those eminent practicians who have had opportunities of seeing them under every form, and in every aspect, especially in epidemics.

The second and third classes contain the phlegmasiæ and hæmorrhages. The fourth treats of the affections of the nervous system, or neuroses. The author is particularly explicit and interesting respecting all the different disorders belonging to this class; which, by so many concurring causes, we continually produced in large and opulent towns, where civilized manners prevail. His parallel of the state of mind of Lewis APP. REV. VOL. XXVII

Rr

the

the XIth, and of the Emperor Tiberius, and his description of the periodical mania, will strike even those readers whose attention is not particularly engaged on medical subjects.

The fifth class embraces all the lymphatic diseases; and the sixth contains all other disorders which, not being well known and defined, could not with propriety be placed in any of the preceding classes.

The introduction, and the observations which terminate the volume, may be considered as containing useful outlines of the whole of medical science, and are very proper to guide the choice of students who are exploring the labyrinth of medical productions; which, if not properly selected, would waste the time of their readers, and encumber their minds with false or undigested ideas.

ART. XXXII. Vie de Lazare Hoche, &c. i. e. The Life of Lazarus Hoche, General of the Armies of the French Republic. By ALEXANDER ROUSSELIN. Followed by his public and private Correspondence with Government, Ministers, Generals, &c. With three Plates, representing the Affairs of Dunkirk and Quiberon, and the Theatre of War on the Rhine. 8vo. 2 Vols. pp. about 500 in each. Paris. 1798.

His life is drawn up with considerable skill, but is rather T eulogy than biography. Its main object is to take from Pichegru as many laurels as possible, and to transfer them to the brows of Hoche. This is often, but not always, accomplished on convincing grounds. The author appears wellinformed of the minutest circumstances which he has to narrate; and he quotes, with the confidence of honesty, the authenticating testimony of many living witnesses. An emphatic and laconic style, aromatic with maxims of democracy, and stuffed with the jargon of equality, is every where affected by the truly republican pen of citizen ALEXANDER ROUSSELIN. This abrupt, sententious, and oracular manner, aped from Tacitus, is no doubt less graceful than the plainer ease of an unstudied historian: but it is fit for the public for which it was designed, and is well adapted for circulation in the garrisons and barracks of France. Men of a neglected education, and among the military there must be many such, usually attribute no merit to simplicity in composition; they think that any body can write naturally; and they suppose that he is no scholar who chuses to be no pedant.

Great natural strength of body and mind seem to have been Hoche's principal endowments. As his reply to a denunciation by Hudry, which occurs at p. 65, is very characteristic of him, will display his style, and contains his own account of his origin, we shall quote it in the original terms.

An

• Au quartier-général de Rosendall, le 22 Septembre, l'an 2 de la

république Française.

• Comme il n'y a de vil que les lâches calomniateurs et les fourbes, je ne rougirai pas de dire que mon père, après avoir, ainsi que moi, usé sa jeunesse au service de son pays, fut contraint, n'ayant point de fortune, à ac cepter, pour vivre, une place de palfrenier, dans laquelle il s'enrichit si fort, que je jouis du doux plaisir de le nourrir dans sa vieillesse, des appointemens que je reçois pour mes services. Mon père, qu'un lâche ose

à la

section de

insulter à soixante-huit années, est grenadier. Qu'on écrive Paris sur laquelle il réside, elle certifiera qu'il est pauvre, mais patriote, et en état de terrasser l'efféminé qui prétend l'avilir.

• Citoyens, qui avez entendu la calomnie, écoutez la vérité.

• Avant seize ans, sans fortune ni état, je servais au régiment des Gardes-Françaises.

Je fus gradé par mes camarades, et ils me chargèrent de leurs affaires

pendant la révolution. Je suis si partisan des Capets, que je commandais l'avant-garde, le 5 Octobre, lorsque l'on fut chercher le dernier d'eux.

* Il est faux que ce soit Lacolombe qui m'ait placé. Avant d'entrer dans son régiment, je ne lui ai jamais parlé. Il est également faux que Lafayette m'ait placé dans le 58e. régiment. C'est Servan, alors ministre et patriote, qui m'a donné cette place. Je la dois à mon activité, dont Servan avait été le témoin, puisque, lorsqu'il fut fait ministre, il venoit d'être mon colonel.

• Dubouzet, dont il est parlé dans la dénonciation, est mort à la tête de son régiment, à la glorieuse journée de Jemmappes. Faut-il qu'on lui envie jusqu'à son trépas? Puissent ceux qui le calomnient, mourir en dé. fendant la patrie, ainsi qu'il l'a fait !

6

J'ai emporté l'estime de mes camarades; mon dénonciateur n'est aimé aucun des siens. Pai versé mon sang, en défendant mon pays; et, pouvant rester à Paris, j'ai demandé à faire la guerre. Hudry a été contraint de marcher; il l'a fait de force, ayant quitté le service pour entrer à l'opéra. On connaîtrait la valeur de sa dénonciation, si on voulait la lire en entier : je la transcris ici, j'y joins seulement les copies de trois pièces, pour en contrebalancer l'autorité. Au surplus, je ne crois point avoir besoin de certificat; mon civisme est écrit sur mon front; je lève les yeux comme un brave républicain, et ne me cache point pour manifester mon opinion sur les personnes et les choses.

• On trouvera, à la fin de ce mémoire, un extrait de ma correspondance avec Hadry, qui veut que je ne sois républicain que depuis le 10 Août 92. Je crois pouvoir assurer que beaucoup de nos républicains d'aujourd'hui ne 'étaient point à cette époque.

- fait,

• C'est en combattant les ennemis de la république, comme je l'ai toujours que j'obtiendrai des certificats, et non en flagornant qui que ce soit. P'aime à servir par-tout où sont les ennemis, et je suis dénoncé par un bomme qui n'a pu supporter l'idée de quitter la ville et les dames de Dunkerque. Si je suis accusé d'y mettre un peu de plaisanterie, je répondrai que les républicains de ma trempe, ceux qui préfèrent l'air pur et libre des champs au méphitisme des villes, et la paille des camps au damas de l'égoisme, détestent, comme ils le doivent, les soldats-colifichets."

-The Second Volume consists wholly of Hoche's correspondence with different persons in office in the civil departments, and with various military commanders. Some statements in the work atrociously calumniate (for instance, vol. i. p. 296) English individuals and armed bodies: it should therefore be examined for the purpose of refutation by those who dertake the history of the operations of our armies. Hoche has in an especial manner been the Anti-British General of the French Republic.

un

A portrait of Hoche is prefixed, which exhibits very ftern and saturnine features.

ART. XXXIII. Neue Schauspiele, &c. i.e. New Plays by AugusTUS VON KOTZEBUE. 8vo. pp. 566. Leipzig. 1798.

THIS poet is one

of those"

At-Alls" who produce a tragedy,

a comedy, a farce, or an opera, on the spur of any occasion, with nearly equal facility and equal success. Consequently, he seldom has time for a very artful structure of plot, or a very profound estimate of character: but he is well aware how entirely the arts of the theatre concentrate the attention of an audience on the passing scene; and that, provided the present situations be stimulant, and the actual effect impressive, the spectator has not leisure to care nor to inquire whether the personages were brought together by the wand of a conjurer, or by the pretended fortuitousness of a nicely contrived probability. Accordingly, he makes free use of the extraordinary if not of the miraculous discoveries of near relationships, between people who have spent their lives together without suspecting their kindred, or who meet for the first time. Personages arrived from the Antipodes, Hindus, Arabs, Negroes, Carolinians, Otaheiteans, all habited in their proper costume: moral prodigies, as filial piety robbing a father, complaisant beauty in want, chaste concubines, wicked Christians, respectable adultresses, bigamy from duty: such are the marvellous combinations to which M. VON KOTZEBUE too frequently recurs for the basis of his scenes. Yet his dialogue is written with a vivacity, a variety, and a boldness of appeal to the fairest sentiments and dearest feelings of out natures, which never fail to arrest attention, to captivate sensibility, and to provoke applause. He has most power over the moderate emotions, and is less successful when he attempts to convulse his audience with the agonies of pathos or the loud laugh of drollery. In sentimental comedy, and in private-life tragedy, he is more masterly than in the farcical on the heroic drama... This