Stroud, Wm. A new Greek Harmony of the Four Gospels, comprising a Synopsis and a Diatessaron; together with an Introductory Treatise, and numerous Tables, Indexes, and Diagrams. 4to, pp. 602. London, 1853. The Gospels Consolidated. The Four Gospels Consolidated into one Continuous Narrative. 4to. London, 1882. The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge. A Selection of more than 500,000 Scripture References and Parallel Passages; together with a Harmony of the four Evangelists. 8vo. London, 1882. Wiesler, Karl. Chronological Synopsis of the Four Gospels. Translated by E. Venables. 8vo, pp. 459. London, 1864. 6. Helps to the Study of Criticism. Barrett, Richard. Synopsis of Criticisms upon those Passages of the Old Testament in which Modern Commentators have differed from the Authorized Version. 5 vols., 8vo. London, 1847. Birks, F. R. Essay on the Right Estimation of Manuscript Evidence in the Text of the New Testament. London, 1880. Boyce, W. B. The Higher Criticism of the Bible. A Manual for Students. 12mo, pp. xxi, 473. London, 1881. Burgon, John W. The last Twelve Verses of the Gospel according to St. Mark Vindicated against Recent Critical Objectors and Established. 8vo. Oxford, 1871. Crowfoot, J. R. Observations on the Collation in Greek of Cureton's Syriac Fragments of the Gospel. 4to. London, 1872. Davidson, Samuel. A Treatise on Biblical Criticism, exhibiting a Systematic View of that Science. 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 463, 484. Boston, 1853. Gerard, Gilbert. Institutes of Biblical Criticism; or, Heads of the Course of Lectures on that Subject, read in the University of King's College, Aberdeen, Boston, 1823. 8vo. Green, Thomas S. A Course of Developed Criticism on Passages of the New Testament materially affected by various Readings. 8vo, pp. 202. London, 1882. Hammond, C. E. Outlines of Textual Criticism applied to the New Testament. (Clarendon Press Series.) 16mo, pp. 146. Oxford, 1872. Horsley, Samuel. Biblical Criticism; or, the First Fourteen Historical Books of the Old Testament; also the First Nine Prophetical Books. 2d ed., 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 484, 511. London, 1845. Milligan, William, and Roberts, Alexander. The Words of the New Testament, as Altered by Transmission and Ascertained by Modern Criticism. 12mo, pp. 262. Edinburgh, 1873. Porter, J. S. Principles of Textual Criticism. 8vo. London, 1848. Roberts, Alex. Companion to the Revised Version of the English New Testament. 12mo, pp. viii, 213. New York, 1881. Sargent, Frederick. A Compendium of Biblical Criticism on the Canonical Books of the Holy Scriptures; Revised and Enlarged. 8vo. London, 1871. Schaff, Philip. York, 1883. Companion to the Greek Testament and English Version. New Scrivener, F. H. Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and the Ancient MSS. which contain it. Crown 8vo. New York. Third ed., London, 1883. Stuart, C. E. London. Textual Criticism of the New Testament for English Students. 18mo. Stuart, Moses. Critical History and Defence of the Old Testament Canon. 12mo, pp. 454. Andover, 1871. Tregelles, S. P. An Account of the Printed Text of the Greek New Testament; with Remarks on its Revision upon Critical Principles. 8vo, pp. 374. London, 1854. Turpie, David M'C. The Old Testament in the New. A Contribution to Biblical Criticism and Interpretation. 8vo, pp. 279. London, 1868. 7. Concordances. Brown, John. A Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. A new ed., carefully revised by Samuel Ives. Thick 24mo. London, 1867. Companion to the Bible, and Supplement to the Comprehensive Commentary; being a Concordance to the Holy Scriptures. Royal 8vo. Philadelphia, 1854. Cruden, Alexander. A Complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures. Royal 8vo. New York, 1871. Davidson, B. Hebrew Concordance of the Hebrew and Chaldee Scriptures. 2 vols., royal 8vo. London, 1882. Eadie, John. An Analytical Concordance to the Holy Scriptures; or, the Bible Presented under Distinct and Classified Heads or Topics. Royal 8vo. Boston, 1862. A new and Complete Concordance on the Basis of Cruden. Crown 8vo. Lon don, 1870. Englishman's, The, Greek Concordance of the New Testament; being an Attempt at a Verbal Connection between the Greek and the English Texts. 4to, pp. 482. New York, 1879. Englishmen's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance, The, of the Old Testament. 2 vols., royal 8vo. London, 1866. Henderson, William. A Dictionary and Concordance of the Names of Persons and Places, and of Terms which occur in Scripture. Svo, pp. 689. Edinburgh and New York. Hudson, Charles F. A Critical Greek and English Concordance of the New Testament. Revised and Completed by Ezra Abbot. 24mo, pp. 510. Boston, 1870. Schmidt, Erastus. A Greek Concordance to the New Testament. A Concordance of the Words of the Greek New Testament, with their Context. Svo, pp. 283. London, 1882. Student's Concordance to the Revised Version of 1881. (Shows changes in all words referred to.) New York, 1883. Thoms, John Alexander. A Complete Concordance to the Revised Version of the New Testament. Published under the Authorization of Oxford and Cambridge Universities. 8vo. New York, 1883. Wigram, G. V. The Hebraist's Vade Mecum; a first attempt at a Complete Verbal Index to the Hebrew and Chaldee Scriptures. London, 1867. Young, Robert. Analytical Concordance to the Bible. Every word in alphabetical order, with Hebrew or Greek Original. Edinburgh and New York, 1881. 8. Biblical Dictionaries and Cyclopædias. Abbot, Lyman. A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge. New York, 1875. Blunt, John H. A Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology. By various Writers. Royal 8vo. Philadelphia, 1870. Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought. Royal 8vo. Philadelphia, 1874. Brown, John. A Dictionary of the Bible, etc. 8vo. London, 1868. Cassell's Bible Dictionary. Illustrated with nearly six hundred Engravings. 2 vols. in one. 4to, pp. 1159. London, 1869. Darling, James. Cyclopædia Bibliographica: a Library Manual of Theological and General Literature, and Guide to Books, etc. 2 vols., royal 8vo. Vol. I, Authors; columns, 3,338. Vol. II, Subjects, Holy Scriptures; columns, 1,920. London, 1854-59. Davidson, D. Pocket Biblical Dictionary, Condensed from Calmet, Brown, Clarke, Jones, and the most Recent Sources of Information. New ed., 24mo. London, 1868. Eadie, John. A Biblical Cyclopædia; or, Dictionary of Eastern Antiquities, Geography, Natural History, Sacred Annals, etc. 13th ed., 8vo, pp. viii, 690. London, 1870. Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge; or, Religious, Biographical, etc. Royal 8vo. Fairbairn, P. The Imperial Bible Dictionary. Historical, Biographical, Geographical, and Doctrinal, etc. Illustrated. 2 vols., royal 8vo, pp. x, 1007, 1151. London, 1866. Dictionary of the Bible. Theological, Farrar, John. A Biblical and Theological Dictionary; Illustrative of the Old and New Testaments. 3d ed., 12mo, pp. 663. London, 1852. Fausset, A. R. The Englishman's Critical and Expository Bible Cyclopædia. Illustrated. 4to. London, 1878. Herzog's Protestant, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Encyclopædia; with Additions by J. H. A. Bomberger, assisted by distinguished Theologians of various Denominations. 2 vols., royal 8vo. Philadelphia, 1858-60. (This translation was never completed.) Inglis, James. The Bible-Text Cyclopædia: a Complete Classification of Scripture Texts in the form of an Alphabetical Index of Subjects. Post 8vo, pp. 528. London, 1861. New ed., 1865. Journal of Sacred Literature. Edited by Drs. Kitto, Burgess, etc. The Five Series complete. 40 vols., 8vo. London, 1848–60. Kitto, John. A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature. Edited by W. L. Alexander. References to the Principal Works in every M'Clintock and Strong. Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. 8vo, 10 vols. New York, 1867-80. New York, 1882. Schaff, Philip. A Religious Encyclopædia; or, Dictionary of Biblical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology. 8vo, 3 vols. Smith, William. Dictionary of the Bible. American ed. by Hackett and Abbot. › 4 vols., 8vo. New York, 1867-70. The same Abridged. 1 vol., 8vo. Boston, 1865. Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. 8vo, 2 vols. Hartford, 1876-80. Dictionary of Christian Biography. 8vo, 3 vols. completed in 4 vols.) Boston, 1877-1883. (To be Staunton, Wm. An Ecclesiastical Dictionary, containing Definitions of Terms pertaining to the History, Ritual, Discipline, Worship, Ceremonies, and Usages of the Christian Church. 8vo. New York, 1861. SECTION XVIII. HERMENEUTICS. G. Seyffarth, über Begriff, Anordnung und Umfang der Hermeneutik des N. T. (Lpz. 1824), womit jedoch zu vergleichen die Recens. in Winers und Engelhardts Journal Bb. 4. S. 324 ff. A. Tholuck, über den Mangel an Uebereinstimmung unter den Auslegern des N. T. (theol. Studien und Kritiken Jahrg., 1832, S. 325). Planck's Sacred Philology and Interpretation, translated by Turner; Kitto's Cyclopædia, vol. ii, p. 20. For a very full history and bibliography, see Terry's Hermeneutics, Part III. Biblical Hermeneutics treats of the principles on which Scripture is to be explained. These principles are, upon the whole, the same Definition of that apply to any work of human origin, and HermenHermeneutics. eutics, as a theological science, differs from the science in its general (philosophical and philological) character simply with regard to the object upon which it is employed. In this connexion. the peculiarly religious character of the Bible certainly demands recognition. 2 Hermeneutics from έouŋvevw (which is to be traced back to the Hermes of the ancients') is, in Schleiermacher's language, an artdoctrine; "for the complete understanding of a discourse or writing is a work of art, and requires a technical apparatus." It Distinguished stands in an inverted relation to rhetoric, in so far as from rhetoric. the latter is dependent on logic; for while the logical part of rhetoric furnishes the laws by which our thoughts are to be connected, arranged, and presented, Hermeneutics teaches how to apprehend the given discourses or writings of another person, and how to follow and interpret them. In proportion as the logically ordered thinking in a discourse or book becomes clear, as it will when the matter to be imparted is developed before the mind of the hearer or reader in a well-arranged style, will the need of explanation and of an art of explanation be small; for which reason, e. g., purely mathematical lectures need no hermeneutics if defini tions are first understood. But when the logic is hidden in the discussion, and when the words do not represent mere formulas and figures (the expression of magnitudes), but are, according to the nature of the subject under consideration, the not fully adequate signs of a profoundly apprehended original, when they are the bearers, borrowed from the world of sense, of ideas which are invisible, there arises the need of an interpreter who shall know how to trace back to the original idea the letter which was first correctly apprehended through the mechanical processes of grammar, and who shall thus restore the written or spoken word, so 1 See Creuzer, Symbolik, i, pp. 9-15: 365 sqq.; ii, p. 617. Schleiermacher, § 132. that it becomes for the reader or hearer what it was to the writer or speaker from whom in the freshness of its originality it emanated. neutics neces For this reason the ancients already joined divination to hermeneutics; and this likewise indicates why an exposition according to rules of art is more necessary with poets, epigrammatists, and poetizing philosophers, than with simple prose-writers.' Works, moreover, that belong to a distant age, and are written Causes which in a language which has itself passed through many his- make hermetorical vicissitudes, are more likely to engage the atten- sary. tion of hermeneutics than writings and discourses belonging to our own times, whose meaning is more apparent to us by reason of their nearness. And, lastly, the allusions contained in a discourse or writing will need a key to their interpretation, in proportion as they bear upon individual matters, which is especially the case in epistolary compositions. If we apply these considerations to the Bible, it will appear that it needs the art of hermeneutics in each of these regards. Few books, in the first place, in the form of expression, fall so much behind their wealth of contents, and few, accordingly, belong so fully to the class of pregnant why the Bible writings, as do these modest envelopments of supreme its interpretaideas. Luther strikingly likens them to the swaddling- tion. clothes in which the Christ-child lay, and the great Reformer was led to use the expression that the words in Scripture are not merely "written words, but living words," whence it becomes a frequent necessity to read between the lines. But the Bible at the same time shares with all works of antiquity, including the less pregnant also, the fortune of having been written in times, and among a people, into whose circumstances we must enter and live, and in languages with whose spirit and expression we must become familiar, if we desire to accurately understand what is written.' The reasons needs care in 1 "There is no lack of examples in our own experience of an author's mind being, e. g., exalted to such an intuitive penetration of its object as to be enabled to speak of it with an unusual pregnancy of word and meaning which his own reflection is unable to resolve into details; it even happens that when he descends from his intuitive center-point to his ordinary level of thought, his own work will appear like a strange object, respecting the development of whose meaning he finds as much difficulty as do others."-J. T. Beck, Enil. in das Syst. d. Chr. Lehre, p. 253. An example is found in Hamann. 2 "He who would interpret, needs, by drawing as near as may be possible, to descend to the condition of the first readers and hearers."-Lutz (Hermeneutic). "Pour ne pas errer sur le sens que nous appelons extérieur, il faut avoir une idée précise de la langue des auteurs, je veux dire de la valeur des signes et des formes de cette langue, comparés aux formes et aux signes correspondants de notre propre langue. |