unfortunately, its architecture is unworthy of the beautiful aqueduct.

As long since as 1537 the waters of the Rio Carioca. were praised by Gabriel Souza, who states that the Tamoyos (native Indians), who inhabited the borders of the bay, had a tradition that its waters possessed the virtue of inspiring their poets and musicians. It was supposed also to have the power of curing melancholia and hypochondriasis. The word "Carioca" has many interpretations, of which the most probable appears to be from Kaa-ry-og, "the house of the stream from the wood."

Leaving the lovely Mae d'Agua, we soon came to the road from Larangeiras, and I took our friends to examine the railway viaduct. We then quietly ascended the Corcovado by the same route that I have previously described, and were again favoured with a cloudless view of the splendid panorama, with which all were as much enchanted as I was on both occasions. At length, the sun being low on the horizon, we were forced to tear ourselves away, and, walking down in the cool, took the tram back to our quarters at Botafogo.

July 28.-After having been in a state of expectancy, awaiting the arrival of the Valparaiso for the last two days, she really came in this morning; but as she was supposed not to leave till to-morrow, I had hoped to spend the afternoon in paying farewell visits, which the excursions of the last few days--when at length I was freed from the daily routine at the office--have, of course, prevented. However, we were informed that we must embark at 3 p.m., as the steamer would depart at four; consequently, most reluctantly, I was obliged to forego saying adieu to the few friends I possess here, as they lived at some distance, and went instead to the market to buy some birds.

Though delighted at the thoughts of being so soon en route for home, I could not, without mixed feelings, look round on the city for the last time. Fortunately the day was dull-heavy clouds covered the mountains, the bay was a dirty green, and everything appeared dusky and dark—so that I had not the additional sorrow of seeing the lovely scenery in its most attractive light. But why should I linger, and prolong the agony? A steam launch came for us soon after three; we stowed our voluminous luggage on board, and in company with Senhores Dantas and Freitas, who have proved very kind friends, and Mr. Bithell, we stepped off the quay, and were once more, after thirteen months in Brazil, on the water. Adieu, fair Rio! I have passed many pleasant hours in your beautiful city. Shall I ever again set foot on your shores?

Additional Notes on Rio de Janeiro.

During the two months I spent at Rio, being daily engaged at the office from ten to five, with the exception of Saturday after two, and Sundays, and the last few days, I was unable to visit a hundredth part of the places I wished to explore, therefore cannot from personal knowledge give any more detailed account of the city and its environs, though I must briefly refer to the tramways and one or two other points which came under my notice. But, first, as it may be of interest, I will give a short account of its origin.

Foundation of the City.*

The French Huguenot, Nicholas Durand Villegaignon, Knight of Malta, and Vice-Admiral of Brittany, who was already celebrated for his exploits, desiring to propagate Calvinism in the New World, conceived the idea of founding * Condensed from "Guia do Viajante.”

in Brazil-the natural riches of which country were said in France to be marvellous-a kind of independent sovereignty, which might serve as a refuge for the followers of Calvin, whose opinions he professed.

Villegaignon sailed from Havre, July 12, 1555, in charge of two well-armed ships, which the Court of France had confided to his care, and, November 10, 1555, entered the Bay of Ganabára (Rio), whose shores were still uninhabited except by the natives. He first disembarked on the island Lage, at the mouth of the bay, whereon is now a fort; but, finding that island covered by waves during stormy weather, he removed to a larger one, which now bears his name, and on which is a fortress. Here he built a fort, calling it Coligny, in honour of Admiral Gaspar de Coligny, the protector of the projected colony. Villegaignon was hardly settled when he sent a ship to Europe, giving an account of the happy result of his expedition, and begging for reinforcements. On March 16, 1557, came the fleet, directed by Bois le Comte, nephew of Villegaignon. It had arrived at Espirito Santo on February 26, having left Honfleur November 19 of the preceding year, and consisted of three fine ships, armed with eighteen bronze guns, and manned by nearly three hundred persons, all equipped at the cost of the Court of France. Two Calvinist ministers accompanied Bois le Comte, one of them being Jean de Lery, a Genevese, to whom we owe an important work, "Histoire d'un Voyage fait en la Terre du Brésil," printed at Rochelle in 1578, in which he treats of the expedition, and gives curious accounts of the indigenes among whom he lived,

Villegaignon received the new expedition with the greatest joy, established an ecclesiastical system, asked the clergy to preach twice every Sunday and once during

the week, and to have prayers every night. Thus the French took possession of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, and soon gained the affection and friendship of the indigenous Tamoyos and Tupinambás who populated its shores.

But King João IV., taking notice of this establishment in a land which belonged to his crown, although he had not taken possession of or colonized it, ordered Duarte da Costa, Governor-General of Bahia, to inform himself personally of the condition of the French Protestants. At this time the monarch died. However, as news came to the Court that the French colonists were increasing in numbers and gaining more strength and more lands, the Queen Regent ordered Men de Sá, successor to Duarte da Costa, to expel them, sending for this purpose two warships. The Governor augmented the squadron by other vessels, which happened to be in port, and embarked January 10, 1560, picking up volunteers on his passage down the coast.

Villegaignon, having quelled grave discords in his colony, had left in a hurry for France, in October, 1559, and the Governor-General of Bahia entered the Bay of Rio on February 21. On the 15th of March he attacked the fortress of Villegaignon, and fought all day, continuing the fight at intervals during the night. The next day, in spite of heavy fire from the fort, Men de Sá determined to take the island, and, landing on the side of the Hill of Palms, took it by main force. The fight lasted two days and two nights, with many acts of valour on both sides. At length the French, being without powder or water, were conquered, and, retiring by night in their canoes, repaired to the mainland. Over a thousand natives were allied with the French, while the Portuguese numbered only a hundred and twenty, with one hundred and forty natives. "If this victory did

not so much concern myself," said De Sá, "I would affirm that there will be many years without its equal between Christians." Men de Sá, however, being unable to retain the island, demolished the fort and left for Bahia.

The Portuguese armada having retired, the French returned to the island, rebuilt the fort, and continued to reside there, and as soon as other ships arrived with more people, there being no longer any one to hinder fresh buildings, they fortified themselves on terra firma more securely than before. When this news reached Portugal, knowing how convenient it would be for the Crown to fortify and people the port, Estacio de Sá was sent with two galleons to his uncle, Men de Sá, who was ordered to assist him, with all the forces he could gather, to found a colony at Rio de Janeiro and expel the French.

Estacio de Sá arrived at Bahia early in 1564, and remained there that year while the Governor was preparing the expedition. At the beginning of 1565, Estacio de Sá left Bahia with his fleet, and arrived at the entrance to the Bay of Rio February 6; but was compelled to return as far as Santos for reinforcements, finally leaving the port of Buriquioka (now corrupted to Bertioga) on the 26th of January, 1566, and arriving at the bay early in March. The chief captain landed the soldiers, and took up his quarters near the Sugar-loaf, on the ground now called Praia Vermelha. The troops cut down the forest and made fortifications. During the whole of 1566, the Portuguese could hardly maintain themselves in their forts, as the enemy's forces were superior; and on the 15th of October the French, aided by the Tamoyos, attacked the vanguard of Estacio de Sá, but were repulsed.

Estacio de Sá termed his colony a city, dedicating it to St. Sebastian, in honour of the young King of Portugal.