Theories of History: Readings from Classical and Contemporary Sources

action analysis appear argument assertion behavior believe bourgeoisie called causal causes character circumstances civilization claim concepts concerning consequences context course culture deductive determined doctrine economic empirical evidence example existence expressed forces freedom Giambattista Vico given happened Hegel Hempel Hempelian historian historical events historical explanation Historicism historicist human hypotheses ideas important individual influence inquiry involved kind knowledge laws logical mankind Marx Marxism means ment metaphysical method methodological methodological individualism mind moral nations natural sciences objective observed occur particular phenomena philosophy of history Philosophy of Science physical political possible prediction present presupposed principle problem produce Professor progress proletariat question reason regarded relation relevant result revolution scientific seems sense social sciences societal facts society sociological Sociology of Knowledge specifically historical spirit statements theory things thought tion Toynbee true truth understanding universal whole