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THE

American Bell Telephone

COMPANY.

125 MILK ST., BOSTON, MASS.

This Company owns the Letters - Patent

No. 186,787, granted to Alexander Graham Bell, January 30th, 1877, the scope of which has been defined by the Supreme Court of the United States in the following terms:

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'The patent itself is for the mechanical

structure of an electric telephone to be used

to produce the electrical action on which the first patent rests. The third claim is for the

LIGHTNING DESTROYS!

Shall it be your house or a pound of copper?

Entirely new departure in pro

tecting buildings from lightning.

QUERY.

Can any reader of Science cite a case of lightning stroke in which the dissipation of a small conductor (one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, say,) has failed

One hundred feet of the Hodges to protect between two horizonPatent Lightning Dispeller tal planes passing through its (made under patents of N. D. C. upper and lower ends respective

use in such instruments of a diaphragm, Hodges, Editor of Science) will ly? Plenty of cases have been

made of a plate of iron or steel, or other ma

terial capable of inductive action; the fifth, be sent, prepaid, to any ad

of a permanent magnet constructed as de

scribed with a coil upon the end or ends dress, on receipt of five dollars.

nearest the plate; the sixth, of a sounding box as described; the seventh, of a speaking or hearing tube as described for conveying the sounds; and the eighth, of a permanent magnet and plate combined. The claim is not for these several things in and of them

Correspondence solicited, Agents wanted.

found which show that when the conductor is dissipated the building is not injured to the extent explained (for many of these see volumes of Philosophical Trans

selves, but for an electric telephone in the AMERICAN LIGHTNING PROTECTION CO., actions at the time when light

construction of which these things or any of them are used.'

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This Company also owns Letters-Patent No. 463,569, granted to Emile Berliner, No

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vember 17, 1891, for a combined Telegraph Fact and Theory Papers an exception is yet known, al

and Telephone, and controls Letters-Patent No. 474, 231, granted to Thomas A. Edison,

May 3, 1892, for a Speaking Telegraph, I. THE SUPPRESSION OF CON-
which cover fundamental inventions and
SUMPTION. By GODFREY W. HAMBLETON, M.D.
embrace all forms of microphone transmit-
12°. 40c.
ters and of carbon telephones.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY.

There is an opening for a young man to open a New York office of the American

II. THE SOCIETY AND THE "FAD."
By APPLETON MORGAN, Esq. 12. 20 cents.

though this query has been published far and wide among electricians.

First inserted June 19, 1891. No re

III. PROTOPLASM AND LIFE By sponse to date.

C. F. Cox. 12°. 75 cents.

IV. THE CHEROKEES IN PRÉ-CON. D. C. HODGES, 874 BROADWAY, N. Y.

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VI. TIME-RELATIONS OF MENTAL
PHENOMENA. By JOSEPH JASTROW. 12°. 50c.
VII. HOUSEHOLD HYGIENE.

Lightning Protection Co., MARY TAYLOR BISSELL. 12°. 75 cents.

operating under my patents. But little capital will be required.

N. D. C. HODGES,

874 BROADWAY, NEW YORK

INDEX

TO VOLUME XVIII OF

SCIENCE

is in preparation, and will be tissued at an early date.

N. D. C. HODGES,

874 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

N. D. C. HODGES, Publisher,

874 Broadway, New York.

By

10% DISCOUNT.

We will allow the above discount to any subscriber to Science who will send us an order for periodicals exceeding $10, counting each at its full price.

N. D. C HODGES, 874 Broadway, N. Y.

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machine separate, $4.50 and up. good for Round Shoulders. Educated agents wanted. PHYSI

CAL CULTURE CHART, with illustrated directions for de

veloping every part of the body healthfully, 50 cts. Sent for half price to those naming this paper.

WHITNEY HOME GYMNASIUM CO., Box D., Rochester, N. Y.

144

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INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS OF SOUTH FLORIDA. G.
W. Webster.......
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MILK. W. W. Cooke. 38

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39

J. W.

The Aurora. M. A. Veeder......
Natural Selection at Fault. J. W. Slater...
The Habitat and the Diet of the Lepidoptera.
J. W. Slater.

JULY 21, 1893.

Walker Prizes in Natural History.

The Boston Society of Natural History offers a first prize of from $60 to $100 and a second prize of a sum not exceeding $50 for the best memoirs, in English, on one of the following subjects:

1. The relations of inflorescence to cross-fertiliza. tion illustrated by the plants of Eastern Massa

chusetts.

2. What depths of formerly overlying rocks, now removed by denudation, may be inferred from the structure of various rocks in Eastern Massachusetts ?

SINGLE COPIES, TEN CENTS. $3.50 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE.

USEFUL HAND-BOOKS.

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The Batrachians and Reptiles of Indiana.

3. Experiments affording evidence for or against species of Batrachians and Reptiles, together with the theory of evolution.

Each memoir must be accompanied by a sealed envelope enclosing the author's name and superscribed by a motto corresponding to one borne by the manuscript, and must be handed to the Secre41, tary on or before April 1, 1894.

39

40

41

Beaver Creek Meteorite. Edwin E. Howell. 41

Entered at the Post-Office of New York, N.Y., as Second-Class Mall Matter.

Prizes will not be awarded unless the memoirs are of adequate merit.

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Secretary. Boston, July 3, 1893.

NEW METHOD OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS FROM LIGHTNING. SPARE THE ROD AND SPOIL THE HOUSE! Lightning Destroys. Shall it be Your House or a Pound of Copper?

PROTECTION FROM LIGHTNING.

What is the Problem?

IN seeking a means of protection from lightning-discharges, we have in view two objects, the one the prevention of damage to buildings, and the other the prevention of Injury to life. In order to destroy a building in whole or in part, it is necessary that work should be done; that is, as physicists express It, energy is required. Just before the lightning-discharge takes place, the energy capable of doing the damage which we seek to prevent exists in the column of air extending from the cloud to the earth in some form that makes it capable of appearing as what we call electricity. We will therefore call it electrical energy. What this electrical energy is, it is not necessary for us to consider in this place; but that it exists there can be no doubt, as it manifests itself in the destruction of buildings. The problem that we have to deal with, therefore, is the conversion of this energy into some other form, and the accomplishment of this in such a way as shall result in the least injury to property and life.

Why Have the Old Rods Failed?

When lightning-rods were first proposed, the science of energetics was entirely undeveloped; that is to say, in the middle of the last century scientific men had not come to recognize the fact that the different forms of energyheat, electricity, mechanical power, etc.- were convertible one into the other, and that each could produce just so much of each of the other forms, and no more. The doctrine of the conservation and correlation of energy was first clearly worked out in the early part of this century. There were, however, some facts known in regard to electricity a hundred and forty years ago; and among these were the attracting power of points for an electric spark, and the conducting power of metals. Lightning-rods were therefore introduced with the idea that the electricity existing in the lightning-discharge could be conveyed around the building which it was proposed to protect, and that the building would thus be saved.

The question as to dissipation of the energy involved was entirely ignored, naturally; and from that time to this, in spite of the best endeavors of those interested, lightning-rods constructed in accordance with Franklin's principle have not furnished satisfactory protection. The reason for this is apparent when it is considered that the electrical energy existing in the atmosphere before the discharge, or, more exactly, in the column of dielectric from the cloud to the earth, above referred to, reaches its maximum value on the surface of the conductors that chance to be within the column of dielectric; so that the greatest display of energy will be on the surface of the very lightningrods that were meant to protect, and damage results, as so often proves to be the case.

It will be understood, of course, that this display of energy on the surface of the old lightning-rods is aided by their being more or less insulated from the earth, but in any event the very existence of such a mass of metal as an old lightning-rod can only tend to produce a disastrous dissipation of electrical energy upon its surface,-"to draw the lightning," as it is so commonly put.

Is there a Better Means of Protection?

Having cleared our minds, therefore, of any idea of conducting electricity, and keeping clearly in view the fact that in providing protection against lightning we must furnish some means by which the electrical energy may be harmlessly dissipated, the question arises, Can an improved form be given to the rod so that it shall aid in this dissipation?"

A Work of 204 pages, with 3 plates of 12 figures. Contains full descriptions of nearly one hundred abundant notes on their habits. The identification of the species made easy by means of analytical tables. By O. P. Hay, Ph.D. Price, in paper cover, postpaid, $1.00.

Bowen-Merrill Book Co, Indianapolis, Ind.

GERMANIA A monthly magazine for the study

of the German language and literature. is highly recommended by college professors and the press as "the best effort yet made to assist the student of German, and to interest him in his pursuit." Its BEGINNERS' CORNER furnishes every year a complete and interesting course in German grammar. $2 a year. Single copies 20 cents. P. O. Box 151, Manchester, N. H.

As the electrical energy involved manifests itself on the surface of conductors, the improved rod should be metallic; but, instead of making a large rod, suppose that we make it comparatively small in size, so that the total amount of metal running from the top of the house to some point a little below the foundations shall not exceed one pound. Suppose, again, that we introduce numerous insulating Joints in this rod. We shall then have a rod that experience shows will be readily destroyed-will be readily dissipated when a discharge takes place; ani it will be evident, that, so far as the electrical energy is consumed in doing this, there will be the less to do other damag ›.

The only point that remains to be proved as to the utility of such a rod is to show that the dissipation of such a conductor does not tend to injure other bodies in its immediate vicinity. On this poin: I can only say that I have found no case where such a conductor (for instance, a bell wire) has been dissipated, even if resting against a plastered wall, where there has been any material damage done to surrounding objects.

Of course, it is readily understood that such an explosion cannot take place In a confined space without the rupture of the walls (the wire cannot be boarded over); but in every case that I have found recorded this dissipation takes place just as gunpowder burns when spread on a board. The objects against which the conductor rests may be stained, but they are not shattered, I would therefore make clear this distinction between the action of electrical energy when dissipated on the surface of a large conductor and when dissipated on the surface of a comparatively small or easily dissipated conductor. When dissipated on the surface of a large conductor, a conductor so strong as to resist the explosive effect,- damage results to objects around. When dissipated on the surface of a small conductor, the conductor goes, but the other objects around are saved

A Typical Case of the Action of a Small Conductor. Franklin, in a letter to Collinson read before the London Royal Society, Dec. 18, 1755, describing the partial destruct!on by lightuing of a church-tower at Newbury, Mass, wrote, "Near the bell was fixed an iron hammer to strike the hours; and from the tall of the hammer a wire went down through a small gimlet-hole in the floor that the bell stood upon, and through a second floor in like manner; then horizontally under and near the plastered celling of that second floor, till it came near a p'astered wall; then down by the side of that wall to a clock, which stood about twenty feet below the bell. The wire was not bigger than a common knitting needle. The spire was split all to piece by the lightning, and the parts flung in all directions over the square in which the church stood, so that nothing remained above the bell. The lightring passed between the hammer and the clock in the above-mentioned wire without hurting either of the floors, or having any effect upon them (except making the gimlet-holes, through which the wire passed, a littl bigger), and without hurting the plastered wall, or any part of the building, so far as the aforesaid wire and the pendulum-wire of the clock extended; which latter wire was about the thickness of a goose-qu'll. From the end of the pendulum, down quite to the ground, the buil ling was exceedingly rent and damaged.... No part of the aforementioned long, small wire, between the clock and the hammer, could be found, except about two inches that hung to the tail of the hammer, and about as much that was fastened to the clock; the rest being exploded, and its particles dissipated in smoke and air, as gunpowder is by common fire, and had only left a black smutty track on the plastering, three or four inches broad, darkest in the middl, and fainter towards the edges, all along the ceiling, under which it passed, and down the wall." One hundred feet of the Hodges Patent Lightning Dispeller (made under patents of N. D. C. Hodges, Editor of Science) will be mailed, pos:paid, to any address, on receipt of five dollars ($5).

Correspondence solicited. Agents wanted. AMERICAN LIGHTNING PROTECTION CO., 874 Broadway, New York City.

Probably you take

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THE WINNIPEG COUNTRY;

OR,

ROUGHING IT WITH AN ECLIPSE PARTY.

BY

A. ROCHESTER FELLOW.

(S. H. SCUDDER.)

RACES AND PEOPLES.

By DANIEL G, BRINTON, M.D.

"The book is good, thoroughly good, and will long remain the best accessible elementary ethnography in our language."-The Christian Union.

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With thirty-two Illustrations and a Map. science of which it treats in the English language."

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"This volume is most stimulating. It is written with great clearness, so that anybody can understand, and while in some ways, perforce, superficial, grasps very well the complete field of humanity."The New York Times.

New York, N. Y. N. D. C. HODGES, 874 Broadway, N. Y. measurements with an indescribable charm of nar

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ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. Manufacturer and Builder. out about the indigenous Americans."-Nature.

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LABORATORY MICROSCOPES.

The Reichert III (vertical, No. 8) is a favorite pattern for laboratory work, and is fitted with his best lenses.

We are prepared to import the above instruments, duty free, for educational institutions, at extremely low prices. Correspondence So'icited.

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NEW YORK, JULY 21, 1893.

THE SOUTH DAKOTA ARTESIAN BASIN.

BY W. S. HALL, M.S., M.D., HAVERFORD COLLEGE, HAVERFORD, pa. THE State of South Dakota is about 320 miles long by 210 miles wide. The Missouri River crosses the middle of the north boundary and flows south-southeast till it reaches the north boundary of Nebraska, when it sweeps around to the east and forms the boundary line between South Dakota and Nebraska. Five great water-courses pass down the long slope of the high plains from the western boundary of the State to the Missouri River. The largest of these is the Cheyenne River, furnishing a drainage channel for the Black Hills, which lie partly in South Dakota and partly in Wyoming. A few small, short streams flow from the east into the Missouri. The James River (formerly called Dakota River) flows in a very direct course, south by east, across the State, bisecting the part of the State east of the Missouri River. The James River valley is a broad plain fron 1,200 feet to 1,300 feet above sea-level. As early as 1882 artesian wells were drilled at different places in the valley with the hope of securing a more abundant supply for the cities and village's which were so rapidly outgrowing their water-supply.

The uniform success in getting water, the abundant supply, the good quality, and the great force with which it was ejected began to attract general attention. It has been demonstrated by numerous and widely-distributed experiments that the whole James River valley is an artesian basin. Geologists and engineers seem to agree that it is the most wonderful artesian basin in the world. The source and limit of the water-supply of this region have been the subject of careful and extended investigations by both Federal and State commissions. In this brief paper the writer will endeavor to give the results of these investigations to date.

1. The source of the supply of water.

. There are three general requirements that must be satisfied in seeking for the source of supply of an artesian basin :—

I. The source must be as high as the greatest height to which the water, in any well tapping the basin, will rise.

II. The amount of rainfall on the source-area must be adequate to account for the supply of the basin.

III. The geological formations between the source and the basin must be such as to allow the passage of the water through a pervious stratum between two impervious strata.

Several theories exist as to the source of the supply in the basin in question : (a) The Great Lakes; (b) the Canadian lakes; (c) Devil's Lake, North Dakota; (d) the Missouri River; (e) the elevated region west of the Missouri River, including the foot-hills and the east slope of the Rocky Mountains.

Let us apply the three requirements stated above to the regions just named.

The height to which the water of the Redfield, South Dakota, well would rise, if the tube were extended, is 1,700 feet A. T. There are other wells north and west of Redfield whose water would rise to a greater height. The well at Highmore has a flow of nine gallons and a pressure of twelve pounds at an altitude of 1,890 feet. But the altitude of the Great Lakes and of the Canadian lakes is many hundred feet below that height.3 The altitude of Devil's Lake is about 1,440 feet,' and the altitude of the Missouri River where it enters South Dakota is not over 1,500 feet.❜

1 "Artesian and Under flow Investigation," Part II., Col. E. S. Nettleton, Chief Engineer. Appendices XVIII., XIX., and xx.

2 "Artesian and Underground Investigation," Part IV., F. B. Coffin, Engineer for South Dakota.

* American Geological Railroad Guide. Macfarlane.

It therefore follows that neither the Great Lakes, the Canadian lakes, nor Devil's Lake can be the source. Nor can the Missouri River within the State be the source. We are now confined to our last alternative, --the elevated region west of the Missouri River, - which may, for convenience, be considered under two heads: (1) The High Plains, and (2) The Foot-Hills of the Rockies. (1) The high plains attain an altitude of 1,900 feet about 50 miles west of the Missouri River. They satisfy requirement I.

4

An idea of the water-supply of an artesian basin can be gotten only by finding the amount of water that can be drawn off without lessening the flow and pressure of individual wells. W. P. Butler, engineer of Aberdeen, South Dakota, under date of June, 1892, says that "two hundred wells have already been put down in North and South Dakota." The same engineer gives a "Table of twenty-four South Dakota wells showing flow in gallons per minute." The range of discharge, as shown by this table, is from 150 gallons to 7,000 gallons per minute; the intermediate points seem to be sufficiently represented to indicate that the table is fairly representative. Taking this table as a basis, the average flow of a South Dakota artesian well is 1,655 gallons per minute. Two hundred wells would, at that rate, discharge 685 million tons per annum. No diminution in the pressure of any of the wells has been detected. The limit has, therefore, not yet been approached. Now many times the amount annually discharged by the South Dakota artesian wells falls each year upon the high plains (region e, 1) west of the Missouri River in South Dakota; but the rapid evaporation from the surface, the ready drainage into the Missouri River, and the impervious shales beneath the surface preclude the possibility of the high-plain rainfall taking any appreciable part in the water-supply of the basin. Driven now to our last alternative, let us apply our three tests in succession.

I. The elevation of the foot-hills varies from 3,000 feet to 8,000 feet above sea-level, which is certainly sufficient altitude above the James River valley to overcome the resistance and give the wells a high pressure 240 to 600 miles away.

II. The annual rainfall in the foot-hills is greater per given area than on the high plains."

The area of the foot-hills, whose rainfall can get access to the water-bearing rocks, is not far from 40,000 square miles, upon which area not less than 69,600 million tons of water fall per annum, which is one hundred times as much as that drawn annually from the artesian basin of the Dakotas.

III. The geological formation between the Black Hills and the James River valley is well shown by the accompanying figure." A glance at this figure will show that water entering the porous Dakota sandstone above Rapid City will produce the conditions for an artesian flow in the region of the James River and the Missouri River. The lower altitude of the former will make the flow stronger there, even though it be farther away from the source. The increasing altitude as one goes west from the Missouri River will undoubtedly decrease or wholly prevent a flow. Any geological section taken across the Dakotas from east to west would be similar to the one shown. Wherever the section would pass through foot-hills or mountain ranges the upturned edges of the absorbing strata would crop out.

The three requirements being satisfied by the last region tested, it has been demonstrated beyond a shadow of doubt that the source of the water-supply of the James River artesian basin is 4"Artesian and Underflow Investigation," Part IV., F. B. Coffin.

5 Irrigation Manual. W. P. B. p. 9. Irrigation Manual. W. P. B. p. 38.

7 Irrigation Manual, W. P. Butler, p. 94, "On the high plain the rainfall is

15 to 20 inches, while in the Black Hills it is 20 to 30 inches per annum." "Irrigation and Underflow Investigation," Part III., Special Report by Professor G. E. Culver, State Geologist.

the elevated, well-watered hills and low mountains, together with the east slope of the Rockies in South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming.

2. The limitations of the supply.

It was estimated that about 69,600 million tons of water fall annually on the foot-hills within this drainage basin. Having limited the source to the foot-hills, it is clear that the limitations can be carried further. The water flowing through the Dakota sandstone must either (a) have fallen directly upon the area of outcrop, or (b) have sunk into it from streams flowing over it, or (c) have escaped into it at high altitudes from other strata.

of

(a) It is estimated by Professor G. E. Culver' that about the rainfall of the Black Hills falls directly upon the outcropping Dakota sandstone. If this outcrop forms the same proportion of other foot-hills, then about 966 million tons per annum would fall directly upon this; and, as it is estimated that one-third of the rain-fall is absorbed by the soil, 322 million tons would be poured directly into the artesian basin.

(b) As far as the writer knows, but one stream has been carefully studied as to the quantity of water lost to the stratum in question. Below Great Falls, Montana, the Missouri River flows across the outcropping Dakota sandstone at an altitude of 2.800 feet. Col. E. S. Nettleton made careful gaugings of the river before and after crossing the sandstone and found that it lost "834 cubic feet per second," which would amount to 918 million tons per annum. The Yellowstone River, which is about as large Black Hills

A ROW OF HIEROGLYPHS, CASA NO. 2, PALENQUE.

BY H. T. CRESSON, A.M., M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. THERE is a perpendicular row of three glyphs just above the child-like figure, upheld in the arms of the Ahkin (?), on the centre slab of the so-called "Group of the Cross," Casa No. 2, (Stephens), Palenque, and two hieroglyphs in the parallel line to the right of the perpendicular line just mentioned, which are exceedingly interesting, and all of them, except the upper-centre component of the glyph, just above the child-like figure, are in a fair state of preservation. The upper centre component of this glyph (Fig. 6) has been badly injured, if we may judge by a photograph of the slab from Casa No. 2, taken by Dr. Manuel Urbino, the learned conservator of the Muséo Nacional, at the City of Mexico It is a lucky circumstance that this masterpiece of the Maya scribe-sculptor's art has been cared for by the Mexican government, and it is to be hoped that they will protect other tablets at Palenque from the wanton destruction of the Mayas, who have been accused, by recent explorers, of chopping to pieces, with their machetes, the artistic productions of their ancestors.

It will be impossible, in this necessarily brief article, to consider the entire row of glyphs which have been indicated, we will, therefore, confine our remarks to that shown in Fig. 6 of the plate. If we compare this sketch, made from a photograph of the middle slab of the cross group (Casa No. 2, Palenque), taken by Dr. Urbino, it will be seen that it differs in certain respects from the

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Sioux Falls

Length of Section, 385 miles. Rapid City to James River Valley, 230 miles.

1, Paleozoic_rocks, mostly water-bearing Carboniferous limestone; 2, Triassic shales, impervious; 3, Jurassic shales, impervious; 4, Cretaceous, Dakota sandstone, water-bearing; 5, Cretace ous, Benton shales, impervious; 6, Cretaceous, Niobrara limestone; 7, Cretaceous, Pierre shales, impervious.

as the Missouri above their confluence, is said to flow across the Dakota sandstone and to lose a part of its volume. It is generally true that all streams flowing out of the foot-hills or away from the Rockies must, somewhere in their eastward course, cross the absorbing stratum. To estimate three times 918 million tons as the amount received from source (b) will probably fall much within the limits. That gives us an aggregate from (a) and (b) of 3,076 million tons per annum.

(c) The outcrop of the Carboniferous forms a much larger part of the foot-hills area than does the Dakota. At least one-third of the water which falls directly upon it sinks, while nearly all of the small streams flowing out of the central Archæan area of the hills sink completely into the Carboniferous, only a few of the largest streams emerge from the thirsty Carboniferous area. The amount of water entering the Carboniferous strata is many times greater than that entering the Dakota. Now it is possible for nearly all of the water which it absorbs to escape into the Dakota, which it would do anywhere between its source and the James River valley if either one of two things were true: (1) If the overlying stratum "pinches out," or (2) if it is fractured or faulted. Both, one, or neither of these things may be true. No one has yet attempted to answer, conclusively, the question, "What becomes of the water which sinks into the Carboniferous limestone of the hills?" Until that question is answered, it will be impossible to determine the limitations of the water-supply of the artesian basin.

"Artesian and Underflow Investigation," Part III., p. 207.

2 "Artesian and Underfl w Investigation," Part II., p. 77.

Del

drawing of Del Rio, Waldeck, Catherwood, and Charnay. Rio's rendition of this hieroglyph (Fig. 1) is absurdly incorrect, and has been suggested, we think, either by a slovenly impression of the centre bar of a cross (see Waldeck's Fig. 2), or else the artist drew upon his imagination and supplied the detail.

Waldeck's drawing (Fig. 2) in four of the small glyphs (composing the compound glyph) is not so far astray as one might expect, judging by the way his drawings have been condemned by some writers, and I find that in the perpendicular and the parallel row of glyphs of the Casa No. 2 tablet, to the right of the symbol of the days, four winds, and cardinal points (called by many the Cross), his work compares quite as well with the photograph as that of Charnay, who used the camera, and Cather wood, who used the camera lucida So far as I can learn, Mr. Waldeck used no artificial aids to assist him in his work (?); if this be the case, his eye must have been an unusually correct one, considering the amount of work he accomplished, and the confusing details that he encountered, to say nothing of annoyances in the way of flies, mosquitoes, garapatas, and other insects I think the truth of this assertion will be apparent to anyone who has attempted to make a careful drawing under difficulties of this kind, especially such intricate details as we find in ancient Maya architecture and hieroglyphs, well calculated to give an experienced draftsman the beadache and heartache. The centre-upper component of the hieroglyph, drawn by Waldeck, differs from that of Fig. 6, but I' must not neglect to mention that the Urbino photograph indicates that this component of the glyph has been so injured that it is difficult, at present, to determine the details. The round incisions

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