HISTORIC TOWNS. EDITED BY E. A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. and Rev. WILLIAM HUNT, M.A. With Maps and Plans. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. each. BRISTOL. By Rev. W. HUNT. CARLISLE. By MANDELL CREIGHTON, D.D., Bishop of Peterborough. CINQUE PORTS. By Prof. MONTAGU BURROWS. ✓ COLCHESTER. By Rev. E. L. CUTTS. EXETER. By E. A. FREEMAN, Hon. D.C.L. ✓ LONDON. By Rev. W. J. LOFTIE. OXFORD. By Rev. C. W. BOASE. WINCHESTER. By Very Rev. G. W. KITCHIN, D.D. YORK. By Rev. JAMES RAINE, D.C.L. BOSTON (U.S.) By HENRY CABOT LODGE. NEW YORK. By THEODORE ROOSEVELT. London and New York: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. YORK BY JAMES RAINE, M.A., D.C.L. い CHANCELLOR AND CANON RESIDENTIARY OF YORK, AND LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET 1893 All rights reserved деби 1-26-40 39814 PREFACE It will be seen from this volume that York, in all periods of its existence, has played a very important part in the history of England. In the Roman, British, and Early Anglian times it was, to all intents and purposes, the capital city. It had imperial power in its possession, but was unable to retain it. The NorthHumbrian people could not keep the chief position without combination and self-reliance, and these were rendered impossible by the petty feuds and tribal jealousies which were prevalent everywhere. They did, indeed, unite to oppose the Norman invaders, and made a noble struggle for their liberties and freedom, but even that was done irregularly; they were unable to make a proper use of their successes, and so they contended in vain. For many centuries after the Conquest York was undoubtedly the capital of the North, and was most intimately connected, as will be seen, with the fortunes of the kingdom at large. There was always among the inhabitants a kind of restless energy which induced |