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foundations of buildings from being washed a of the great floods to which the Tiber is liable kept the river out of that part of the city of th which lay between the brink and the hills Secondly, it was a grand military rampart restir river, as the other walls of the period usually res a cliff. Like others of the same kind and age, feet thick and probably was fifty feet high, and belongs to the second period of construction; the blocks of Tufa composing it are of the sam the earliest wall, they are of fine-jointed masonr off, but cut with the saw.

After running about half-a-mile upon the until it arrived opposite the Capitoline Hill, Tiber, and was carried across the plain, and jo the cliff on its western side. A fragment of tufa wall under the church of S. Angelo, at the hill, indicates its approach to the citadel. Th long retained as the boundary of the city pro direction, and the Porta Triumphalis (now fo porch of the church) was between the Porticu outside the city, and the Porticus Philippi withi grand triumphal entrance into the city contin used on state occasions; here the military were formed, and started to ascend the Capitol.

The remains of the wall of the second city have usually been attributed either to the origi to that of Servius Tullius. It is quite true that made use of them, whenever they served his p the fortification of his enlarged city; but many and some of the most conspicuous, as that Forum of Augustus, could not have formed plan of circumvallation: they belong to a city area and of earlier date.

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Festus speaks of the Fosse Quiritium, works executed by the citizens of the united nationalities, when combined into one civil and military community. We have already seen how one great foss ran between the detached portion of the Esquiline, the Velia, and the parent hill; the two cliffs through which it cut are there still, with the modern street running between them twenty feet below their tops, while the vines growing above are visible over the walls which support the cliffs. The foss round the Capitol has been also traced, and to finish the work round the whole enclosure, there must have been a similar foss at the foot of the southern wall of the Palatine. On the side towards the Aventine was the low swampy ground called Vallis Murcia, through which the stream called the Almo runs; this communicates with the Tiber lower down than the great Cloaca, and the opening for it through the wall, Pulchrum Littus, bears evidence of being part of the original construction. And it is plain that by means of a flood-gate, when required, the water in that stream might be dammed up and made to flood the valley, thus adding another element of defence to the city on that side. The Capitol itself was deemed, from the steepness of its northern front, to need no wall to strengthen it; but in several places on the flat ground on the north side of that hill the earth slopes down on both sides towards a depression, implying the presence at some time of a considerable foss never quite filled up. There are evident traces again of a similar trench outside that part of the wall which was incorporated in the Forum of Augustus.

This eastern wall of the city on the two hills, which was necessary to connect them, is not generally understood, although there are considerable remains of it. Several market-places (fora) were made just within this wall. At the north end of this east wall was the Forum of Trajan; this joined on to the north end of the Forum o with the Temple of Mars Ultor built up against

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The system of fosses, broad and deep, sep city on the two hills from all the adjacent co it a strong fortress. This constituted the hear to which as a centre the other mounts and hills one by one, as they were required to meet the inhabitants, and of their substance in flocks and

The names of three gates connected with thi second city have been preserved,-Porta Satu Flumentana, and Porta Carmentalis. The first by Livy and Dionysius, was the entrance to itself, on the slope of the clivus which led t Forum along the southern face of the mount: was paved with basalt by the Censors, B.с. indicates its position, quoting old writers to about the base of the hill, and facing the For Temple of Saturn, and behind it the Porta Sa walls called postici muri, 'the postern walls through these, therefore, at the back of the for properly be called the postern-gate. The Po tana, near the bank of the river on the wes the hill, is frequently mentioned in connecti damages caused by inundations of the Tiber flood the water ran through the gate. Cice it, but without indication as to site. It w placed across the street nearest the river, run to it at a low level, and between the Fabrician island and the Palatine bridge below the i Porta Carmentalis cannot be fixed with certair gives an account of a great fire which ravaged near that gate, and hence its site can be obtai mately. On that occasion the Temples of M and Spes were burnt, one within and the other

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gate. This would make it nearer the foot of the Capitol than the Porta Flumentana, and just under its south-westernmost point. The name was derived from the altar of the goddess Carmenta close to the gate; it was also called Porta Scelerata, after the destruction of the 300 of the Fabia Gens at the river Cremera, who issued out of Rome by that gate on their ill-fated expedition.

We have no evidence that these two gates belonged to the second wall of Rome, but they were entrances into the city on the side of the Capitoline, and therefore are properly inserted in this place. Most probably they were rather the gates of the third wall of defence, the work of Servius Tullius connecting the seven hills together in one fortress.

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NOTES.

C, p. 25. Fragments against the cliff are still visible where it crosses the foss.

D, p. 26. In a back yard, common to the houses in the next street, a large piece of this rude wall is standing.

E, p. 27. This wall has been built over largely; it is especially well seen from the Pons Palatinus, or the bridge next below the island. These fragments in line are a convincing evidence that the καλὴ ἀκτή is not a myth, as has been hastily assumed.

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THE FORTIFICATIONS ON THE OTHER FIVE E ON THE HEIGHTS ADJACENT. eminences constituting th

ACH of the city was a separate fortress, and on nearly there are remains of Tufa walls sufficiently ind fact. As was natural, they were added conse enlarge the area of habitations, but they were cluded within one line of defence till the thi built in the time of Servius Tullius.

The Mons Aventinus lies south-west of th separated from it by the Murcian valley, which the Circus Maximus. This intervening lowlan it was drained, a marsh or lake in rainy weathe north-western side of the hill runs the Tiber, narrow strip of land between it and the ste the cliff. On the south and west sides the A strengthened by scarped cliffs and a wall. T the mount is larger than that of the Palatin stadia in circumference, as Dionysius gives also divided into two portions by a natural or Inter-montium; the smaller or south-easte of which has been called by moderns Pseud separated from the larger and higher emin wide and deep foss made in the valley. runs still the modern road issuing out of t the direction of Ostia. The Pseudo-Aventine tic buildings at its two opposite ends, and thes stand on old fortifications, the sites of ancien which defended the approaches to the city in

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