and on the Heights adjacent. 43 For the Esquiline, its north-western angle at S. Peter ad Vincula was the site of the Arx. There remain for examination the outlying eminences on both sides of the Tiber, which could not be neglected by the early Romans, although they formed no part of their habitable city. These are the Mons Janiculensis, Mons Vaticanus, and Mons Pincius. The Janiculum is, both by its position and its superior height, the most important outpost of Rome. This was perceived very early in its history, and accordingly both Livy and Dionysius refer its military occupation to the king, Ancus Martius, lest at any time it should become a fortress in the hands of a hostile force; it was, therefore, connected with the city by a bridge, and provided both with a wall and a ditch. The bridge was the Pons Sublicius, or bridge of wood, constructed without brass or iron, and so put together that a portion could be taken to pieces and removed in time of war. By the term 'wall' is to be understood not a line of masonry, but a bank, according to the account of Varro, who says that such a defence was called murus, and hence comes the term Pomœrium, the space post murum, behind the murus or outward rampart, and between it and the inner one. The Janiculum is the key to the possession of Rome. Stretching along the western bank of the Tiber for more than 2000 yards, and at a much greater height than any of the seven hills, it completely commands the city. From the Porta Janiculensis at the southern end, the whole of Rome lies spread out like a map at the foot of the spectator. This important eminence has been strongly fortified in modern times, and has shewn itself capable of standing a regular siege. Early, again, in the times of the Republic, we read in Dionysius, "The Roman Consuls strengthened with more effectual fortifications the hill called Janiculum, which is a high mount near lying on the other side of the Tiber, and took ca all things that the enemy should not possess th of so convenient a post to annoy the city; and th laid up their provisions for the war." But this fo no means included the whole range of hill; it only the southern portion of it, in a line running the Tiber at the Porta Portuensis to the Porta lensis, so as to take in the crest of the hill, and t ning back easterly down to the river. The old fo Janiculum is distinctly visible in the vineyards on of it. In the higher part, on the southern face, site of S. Pietro in Montorio, a battery was erecte time of Pius IX., which destroyed the outline of earthworks; but below this, within the remains of of Aurelian, it is discernible down the face of nearly as far as the monastery of S. Cosimato. S. Pietro also the ancient scarped cliffs can be s upon the northern side, where the mills are plac the wall in the old towers, the foss is very eviden outside of them, with a great difference of level the inside and outside of the wall. There remain to shew clearly that the Arx of the fortress stoc spot, which is naturally exceedingly strong. Re the towers and wall of Aurelian can also be s up against the scarped cliffs, serving as substru the mills. That foss goes quite down the hill to t passing by the Porta Septimiana. Near the northern end of the Janiculum is the Hill, and just to the south of the great Basilica of is another ancient fort very distinct, now partly by the Villa Barberini. It is a natural rock, w cliffs fully fifty feet high all round it, and part have evidently been scarped by the hand of m western side of it lies outside the fortifications enclosing the modern town, or the Leonine City, but the eastern side is within that line, and the cliffs are behind the houses. The Mons Pincius, the northernmost projecting tongue of high land in modern Rome, but not included in the ancient city till late in its history, was for centuries called the Garden Hill, and is still the recreation-ground for the people; but lying in such close proximity to the city, it never could be left unprotected. The northern portion of it was strongly fortified; a deep foss was cut, severing that part of it which is nearest to the Tiber from the continuous ridge outside the city, and in this foss the modern road at the foot of the lofty wall was made, and the wall is built against the cliff. This wall will be described in the latter part of the sixth chapter. All along the northeastern face of the hill, which is a very narrow neck of high land, the cliffs were scarped steeply. This survey of the circuit round the hilly lands of Rome on both sides of the river, shews clearly that the art of military engineering was understood by the early Romans; but a further development of sound principles of fortification was still required to make the Septimontium a secure enclosure. It will be seen in the next chapter how this was accomplished by earthworks of a very extended character, and by a very ingenious system of connecting neighbouring heights, and of making gates protected by forts in the connecting banks. THE CITY ON THE SEVEN HILLS WITHIN HAVING traced the gradual increment of the town from the infant Roma Quadrata on one hill to the occupation of all seven hills, with lines of fortification round each of them, we now come to a most important work of the time of the Kings, namely, the completion by Servius Tullius of a continuous line of defence, so as to enclose the whole area into one place of arms. The statement is loosely made in books on ancient Rome, that this king built a wall six or seven miles long around the circuit of the seven hills; but it is certain that he did nothing so ambitious, for in the first place it would have been beyond his power; and secondly, it would have been unnecessary. What he did was to connect together the fortifications of two neighbouring hills wherever they were detached, and to rear one vast bank, supported by a wall with its foss, extending from end to end of the weakest part of the lines. He did, in fact, what any military engineer would do naturally, he made use of the previouslyexisting fortifications, consisting principally of the scarped cliffs of the hills, and he constructed a short agger or rampart across each valley from cliff to cliff, so as to unite the disconnected heights. In the agger he set a gate, and this was so high up the gorge in the valley as to be commanded by a fort upon each cliff; or it had a single flanking tower, as is seen in connection with the site of the celebrated Porta Capena, where the present mediæval structure is founded upon a square tufa tower of the Kings. It is true, therefore, that Servius Tullius put or completed a girdle round the City on the Seven Hills, which, though severally protected by works of some sort, were up to his time disconnected, saving the conjoined group of Palatine and Capitoline. On the modern maps this girdle is traced out with very fair accuracy, and is called by the appropriate name of Recinto, or encircling compass. Then for the first time one continuous fortification encompassed the whole city; and though the suburbs were afterwards pushed beyond this boundary, no complete girdle of earthwork or masonry was subsequently made round the enlarged town till the reign of the Emperor Aurelian. The portion of this great work which was entirely original, namely, the agger and wall, is thus spoken of by writers on Rome. Dionysius says: "The Romans then, having mustered and armed their forces, stationed themselves on the girdle of the city, which was at that time of about the same extent as the Asty of Athens. On one side it depended on the hills and the scarped cliffs, on another side it was defended by the river Tiber..... Another part of the city which was more easy of access, from the Porta Esquilina to the Porta Collina, has been made strong by art. In the first place, a foss has been excavated of such large dimensions that it is, at the least, one hundred feet wide and thirty feet deep; a wall is then built against this foss, and a large and high bank, which can neither be shaken by battering-rams, nor can the foundation be undermined. This part is in length about seven stadia, and in breadth fifty feet." It may be properly noted here that the Cavaliere Fiorelli has excavated this foss and measured it in that part, at a place where it is now distinctly visible, and verified the exactness of the size of the trench as given above. Strabo, the geographer, says: "Servius supplied the omis |