which we possess of seeing the earliest stone, a earthworks, and fosses unearthed; else their sagac would have led them to different conclusions:a the latter, while pre-eminently skilful in read lapidary Latin, so long as they refuse to read history told by the stones and other gigantic wo continually brought to light, must be considered put out of court by themselves, as interpreters remains which have their own voice speaking to eye with equal potency and clearness as engra records. The archæologists and scholars ought r to shake hands. It is, at least, not creditable to latter to persevere in ignoring the kind of testime which in all other cases is taken as a satisfact guide for ascertaining the dates of buildings. myths to be rejected are not those of Roman writ Greek and Latin, but those of our learned men adhere to confuted fallacies owing to one-sided vie and an indisposition to study the stones. Both bo and stones are to be considered equally, and plained by each other. Any one who combines to ther archæology and scholarship cannot fail to convinced by the evidence offered through the a parative examination of early Italian monume whether in Rome itself or elsewhere, that the history of the city has been restored in our times, and principally by our own countrymen.

It is indeed to Mr. J. H. Parker, C.B., and honor M.A. of Oxford, that the learned world, as wel

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V

visitors to Rome, are incalculably indebted. He set the example of making excavations for historical objects only, and not in search of statues or other works of art for museums. The first step was the discovery of the Porta Capena, and then followed the researches which demonstrate the successive stages of the City's growth from one hill to seven, by tracing out the walls of each. These signal services to Archæology have been worthily recognised by the Italian Government, who have publicly acknowledged their thanks to Mr. Parker for "restoring the true history of the City of Rome," by making him Ufficiale del Ordine di SS. Maurizio e Lazaro. From his large work this Handbook is principally compiled.

A few plates, and a chart of the Seven Hills, with their lines of fortification, have been added in the volume now presented. In the text some criticisms contained in the Athenæum's friendly notice of the work are met by shewing the differences of style visible in the walls upon the Aventine, some parts being much earlier than others. The bird's-eye view of the line of the Via Sacra seems particularly interesting, as shewing the true course of that celebrated passage in an entirely new and unexpected aspect.

ARTHUR SHADWELL.

OXFORD, July, 1883.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

T

HE object of this little Handbook is to before Students an account of the growth the City of Rome, as it can be gathered from combined record of writings and stones. Hitherto has been scarcely possible to do this, for it is mai in recent times that the early remains of the Cit construction have been sought out and found. 1 excavations which have of late years been pursu around the most ancient portions of the site of Ro enable us now for the first time to see how the t ditions of its people, as they are fragmentarily p served by historians, agree with those remains. Th are acknowledged principles of Archæology, such that a certain style of building is assignable to a c tain age; varying degrees of rudeness in construct indicate successive changes in the art of mason These principles have been applied to Rome, a lead to definite results. And again, when the si on which the early remains are found are compa with the notices given by historians of the success enlargements of the City, we are then entitled draw conclusions whether the buildings fit in w the traditions.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

vii

Old Rome has been buried, but comes partly to sight again in our own day; and wherever this investigation has been pursued, it has been rewarded, for the most part, by the testimony that the stones maintain the stories. And on the whole, it does not seem presumption or credulity to maintain, that the main facts delivered by Roman writers as to the formation and growth of their capital City are borne out by the walls, banks, fosses, and gates still traceable within it.

The contents of these pages are little else than a condensation of the large works on Roman Archæology by Mr. J. H. Parker of Oxford, who has lately received from the Italian authorities a high recognition of his services in restoring the "true history of the City of Rome." And this abridgment of his book is undertaken at his desire, simply to put before readers, in small compass, the elementary information necessary for understanding the history of the rise and progress of the great City on the Seven Hills. At the same time, it is well to state that the compiler has passed some seasons in Rome, and is satisfied from personal knowledge of the truth of the principles here applied to the very early history of the inaterial growth of the place.

The Plates were necessarily prepared under r direction. They are chiefly taken from photograp but photographs alone can only shew the exterior any object, whereas plans and sections are qu necessary to explain many of them. They are to considered as diagrams only, to explain the text students who have not been in Rome, and are r to be judged as pictures. The attempt has been explain everything as completely as possible; t only chapter that is not explained by these diagra is that on the Mamertine Prison, the remains which, though extensive, are entirely subterrane (now for the most part cellars under houses), and did not seem practicable to explain these by one two small plates. My account of this ancient pris has been published separately, with the Plates of so that any one interested in the subject can eas obtain the information.

The excavations made for me in 1868, in sear of the remains of the PORTA CAPENA, and which succeeded in finding, led to enormous results. The were the first excavations that had been made Rome for historical objects only, and not in sear of statues or other works of ancient art for m seums, &c. The PORTA CAPENA is in the inv wall of Rome, just a mile within the PORTA APP in the outer wall; this name was also given to t