CHAPTER VIII. -THE STREETS AND ROADS. PLATE XVI. Referred to in the text at 1. Part of the Via Appia, near Ariccia-work of Appius II. Ponte Nono, on the Via Gabina, or Prænestina; • • CHAPTER IX. THE AQUEDUCTS. XVII. I. Arcade of the Aqueducts Claudia and Anio Novus, near Roma Vecchia IC II. Arches of Nero, near the Porta Maggiore, crossing the Great Foss of the Sessorium XVIII. III. Septizonium, or Sette Basse, on the Esquiline Hill CHAPTER X. -THE THERMÆ. XIX. I. The Pantheum, Front, with Portico II. Back of the Pantheum, time of Agrippa, shewing the original construction and fine cornice XX. III. Thermæ of Caracalla, part of the Porticus added by Alexander Severus Part of the Hot-air Chamber on the west IV. ern side of the Thermæ II il 12 ib CHAPTER XI. - FORUM ROMANUM. ΧΧΙ. 1. Forum Romanum, General View from the Palatine, looking north, in 1878 12. XXII. II. View of a Rostrum (from Sculpture on the Arch of Constantine) 12 III. The Emperor Marcus Aurelius addressing the Citizens (from Sculpture on one of the Marble Walls, excavated in 1872) 120 ΧΧΙΙΙ. Forum of Trajan, the three Tiers of Shops at the east end. Plan and Section 138 ! CHAPTER XIII.-THE MAUSOLEA AND TOMBS OF ROME. PLATE Referred to in the text at p. XXIV. 1. Columbaria in a public Burial-vault on the Via xxv. II. Tomb of the Lateran Family, on the edge of the 149 ib. 152 CHAPTER XIV. -THE COLOSSEUM, or Flavian AMPHITHEATRE. XXVI. 1. The Colosseum, General View of the north-east II. side, the most perfect part of the Exterior in 1870 156 Part of the Interior, shewing the early walls to support the floor, and the dens for Lions under the lower gallery, as excavated in 1878 157 XXVII. Probable restoration of part of the Substructure, with wild animals carried up in cages, and then leaping on to the stage 161 CHAPTER XV. - PALACES OF THE CÆSARS. XXVIII. 1. Chambers in the House of Hortensius, afterwards 168 II. Part of the Palace of Tiberius on the Palatine Hill. CHAPTER II.-Roma QUADRATA. XXIX. I. Roma Quadrata. A Cave-reservoir of rain-water, with a well descending into it from the surface of the hill, and a peculiar hollow cone at the foot of the well • II. A similar Cave-reservoir at Alba Longa-with a 169 16 III. Remains of the Primitive Fortifications on the east PLATE CHAPTER V.-WALL OF SERVIUS TULLIUS. Referre in the tex XXX. Part of the Wall of Servius Tullius. The part nea the Porta Viminalis. CHAPTER V. - PORTA VIMINALIS. XXXI. Remains of the Porta Viminalis CHAPTER IX. THE AQUEDUCTS. XXXII. Map of the Aqueducts on the Eastern Side of Rome CHAPTER XII.-MAMERTINE PRISON. XXXV. Plan of the Caput Viæ Sacræ and Sacellum Streniæ, & XXXVI. Bird's-eye View of the Caput Viæ Sacræ, with the Sa cellum Streniæ (restored) XXXVII. Plan of Ancient Rome facin CHAPTER I. OF THE MATERIALS USED IN BUILDING AT ROME, AND TH I. Tophus. A sandstone of volcanic origin, abounding on the hills of Rome, and over the neighbouring district, sometimes of a deep red, and sometimes of a lighter and yellowish colour. It is called by Vitruvius, the Roman writer on architecture, Lapis ruber. It is sometimes hard, but usually very soft, and easy to excavate. The primitive walls around the Palatine, which are now partly visible, were entirely of this material, and were probably built from quarries in the hill itself. There were also ancient quarries of it in the Capitoline, Cœlian, and Aventine Hills; the modern ones are in the Ager Romanus, or Campagna of Rome. On the bank of the Anio, about the sources of the earliest aqueduct, Aqua Appia, are many ancient caves made out of this rock; and it is observable, that the stones in the earliest of these caves have not been cut, but split off the solid mass by wedges. For it is the property of this stone to cleave readily into blocks of four regular sides, so as to require no farther squaring for rude building. This quality made it available for the first settlers of Rome, in an age when iron tools were not yet in use. The modern name is Tufa. II. Lapis Albanus, another kind of volcanic stone, being a conglomerate of ashes and small stones, very hard and rough; the colour is grey, with a tinge of green. The old 64 quarries of it are close to Alba Longa, on the Mons B Albanus; it is still worked at Marino, on the norther slope of that range. The modern name, Peperino, sig nifies the occurrence on the surface of it of flinty nodules like peppercorns. The wall backing the agger of Serviu Tullius, part of the Mamertine Prison, and the Templ of Jupiter Victor, on the top of the Palatine, are of th material. III. Lapis Gabinus, resembling the last, but with no dules of larger size, and somewhat blacker in colou As its name shews, it was quarried at Gabii. The tripl arch of the Cloaca Maxima, and the substructure of th massive Tabularium on the Capitoline, are built of th stone. Both this and the last-mentioned stone are fir proof, and consequently, after the great conflagration a Rome, A.D. 64, Nero ordered them to be employed certain portions of the buildings reconstructed. The m dern name is Sperone. This is also believed to hav been used originally, even before the Peperino. IV. Lapis Tiburtinus, a species of limestone, whe freshly hewn, of white colour; which, after exposur deepens into a yellow tinge. The Romans quarried very largely from the beds near Tibur, or Tivoli, in th valley of the Anio. It is the best stone obtainable this part of Italy, being of the highest durability, ar admitting the use of very large blocks. Fine exampl of it occur in the well-known tomb of Cæcilia Metell on the Via Appia, and in the Colosseum, the extern wall of which is wholly built of it. So are the fine palaces of modern Rome, and many of the best specime of churches. The modern name is Travertino. V. Silex, flint, but also a basaltic lava, black, and almo as hard as iron. The crater, now the lake of Albar poured forth several streams of this lava across the Ca pagna, and nearly as far as Rome. One such curre |