Approaches to Second Language AcquisitionMultilingual Matters, 1994 - Broj stranica: 280 In this book the authors address five central problems in the study of second language acquisition: transfer, staged development, cross-learner systematicity, incompleteness and variability. The book begins with a definition of each of these areas and an indication of why they are important for understanding SLA. In Chapters 2-4 attempts to explain these phenomena via early linguistic, sociolinguistic, and cognitive approaches are examined. It is argued that they all fail because they attach insufficient importance to the nature of language. In Chapters 5-9 the central problems are approached from the perspective of Universal Grammar and parametric variation: it is considered that this approach provides greater insights into transfer, staged development, cross-learner systematicity and into some aspects of completeness, but that it has difficulty accounting for variability. Variability, it is then argued in Chapters 10-13, is more attributable to factors related to language use and language processing. The most important of these are: the learner's need to develop hypotheses from data where Universal Grammar may not be accessible or applicable; the learner's need to transform linguistic knowledge into the productions required for language processing in real-time; and the learner's need to communicate effectively with an incomplete linguistic system. The variability observed in second language learners who began learning after the age of seven is attributed to the use of multiple knowledge sources and the different kinds of productions which may underlie second language use. The strands making up this argument are then brought together in Chapter 14 in a single model and indications of further directions for research are provided. |
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... Principles and parameters .......... An analogy .............. The structure of phrases ......... ..61 ..61 .... 61 ... parameters in second language acquisition Adverb placement in English and French Parameter resetting versus parameter ...
... Principles and parameters .......... An analogy .............. The structure of phrases ......... ..61 ..61 .... 61 ... parameters in second language acquisition Adverb placement in English and French Parameter resetting versus parameter ...
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Sadržaj
Acquisition | 7 |
Early Linguistic Approaches to Explaining the Observable | 17 |
Sociolinguistic Approaches to Explaining the Observable | 33 |
Cognitive Approaches to Explaining the Observable | 45 |
The Approach to Second Language Acquisition Based | 57 |
Parametric Variation and Transfer in Second Language | 74 |
Language Acquisition | 110 |
Parametric Variation Staged Development and Cross | 129 |
Explanations of Variability | 153 |
Hypothesis Creation and Revision | 174 |
The Development of Language Processing | 201 |
Approaches to Learner Strategies | 226 |
Towards a Model of Second Language Acquisition | 245 |
Bibliography | 267 |
277 | |
Parametric Variation Variability and the Limits of | 142 |
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Uobičajeni izrazi i fraze
acquire adverb Affective Filter allow appear argued automatised beignets Bialystok Chapter Clahsen classroom cognitive approaches competence complement construction context Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis D-structure declarative knowledge declarative memory developmental Ellis example explicit exposure forms generalisation German word order grammatical knowledge incompleteness inflection initially input interaction Johnson & Newport Karmiloff-Smith kind Krashen L1 acquisition L1 and L2 L1 parameter settings L2 English L2 French L2 grammars L2 learners language learning learned linguistic knowledge learners of English learners of L2 lexical mangé morphemes native speakers null subject languages null subjects parameter values Pienemann positive evidence possible predictions preposition stranding principles principles and parameters problem procedural knowledge proceduralised production reset root clauses Second Language Acquisition sentences Spanish Spec specifier staged development strategies subordinate clauses suggests systematicity target language Tarone task theory transfer Universal Grammar utterances variability verb word order