the people of that city, and, indeed, to a large extent of Holland generally, gathered together for that purpose. The ceremony of Tuesday was not, strictly speaking, a coronation, for in Holland the kings and queens wear no crowns. It was really an enthroning. In all ways the exercises were simple, and for that reason were all the more impressive. The Queen, in the presence of representatives of the two legislative chambers, took an oath to maintain and observe the Constitution of Holland, to guard the national independence, and to protect the individual rights of all her subjects. This oath was taken on the Constitution itself—a custom peculiar to Holland. We will not undertake here to describe the festivities of the occasion, which was really a great national fête, but our readers will in due time have the pleasure of reading a special article on this subject to be sent to The Outlook by the well-known historian and student of Dutch life and literature, Dr. William Eliot Griffis. The personal affection of the people of Holland for their young Queen, and the girlish charm of her character, cannot fail to recall that occasion of sixty-one years ago when Queen Victoria was welcomed to the throne of Great Britain. May the new Dutch Queen's reign be as happy and prosperous as Victoria's !

Samoa and the Powers

There is no real reason why the death of King Malietoa, which took place last week, should compel an immediate settlement of the Samoan question or a division of the islands. Under the treaty between the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, made in Berlin in 1889, there was provision for the succession to the Samoan throne by an election under the usual native customs, but with the supervision of the Chief Justice, who is by the treaty a foreigner. The present Chief Justice is an American, and there can be little doubt that if an election of a new king is carried out, the Chief Justice would practically have the casting vote, so to speak. It will be remembered that the disposition of the Samoan question by the Berlin treaty was practically for a tripartite occupation by the United States, Germany, and Great Britain. Of late there have been signs that Germany desired a division of the territory; and it may be added that the tripartite government is cumbrous and in many ways unsatisfactory. The Samoan Islands, in point of fact, are not

of very great commercial importance; their total commerce amounts to only about $600,000 a year, while the population is less than 40,000. The is ands are now, however, of special value to this country, because they form a station on the route from San Francisco through the Hawaiian Islands to Australia and New Zealand. The division of the islands which has been proposed would give to the United States the smallest of the three principal islands that containing the harbor and coaling-station of Pago Pago, already ours-while Germany would take the island which has the most trade, and England that which has the greatest area. The late King Malietoa was a man of interesting and picturesque personality. Although descended from many generations of cruel and savage ancestors, he was of the mildest disposition, had Christian forbearance, and more than once showed himself willing to sacrifice his own interests and even his throne for the possible future benefit of his country. His deposition between 1887 and 1889 was accompanied by some touching evidences of his devotion to his people. It is said that the phrase he used most constantly to express his deepest wish was, "Some good thing for Samoa." A newspaper writer on his reign well expresses the truth in saying that Malietoa "had to see his feeble realm of distant islands caught up in the whirl of confused diplomacy of European Powers seeking its dismemberment."

The attention of the Army Mismanagement country is concentrated on the question whether the soldiers in the recent campaign were properly cared for and are now properly taken care of in the various camps and hospitals. Secretary Alger continues to maintain an attitude toward his critics which indicates, apparently, entire inability on his part to recognize the gravity of the charges against army management, and the depth and extent of public feeling. While the President was inspecting Camp Wikoff last week, one of the nurses called his attention to the fact that soldiers were dying in the grass outside the hospital, and that it was impossible to get them under its roof. It was explained to the President that the nurse was "hysterical." Unfortunately, reports which come in from many quarters regarding the condition of the troops in camps, especially of the sick, in

as compared with those of England and Russia, but that it should be capable of defending our coast in the event of sudden war, and that it should be in the future, as it has been in the recent past, a model to other nations in respect to efficiency, accuracy, and fighting power.

Primaries

The direct primaries in The South Carolina South Carolina, which have been the occasion of a more active and interesting campaign than is likely to precede the State election in November, were held last week, and revealed a strong Prohibition sentiment. There were seven candidates for the nomination for Governor. Governor Ellerbe, who stood for renomination as the champion of the dispensary system-restricting the sale of liquor to about one hundred State agencies, and forbidding all sale of liquor to be drunk on the premises-received the largest vote-30,000. Next to him came Mr. Featherstone, whose candidacy was belittled by the daily papers, but whose advocacy of complete prohibition brought him 18,000 votes. The other five candidates, whose attitude toward the dispensary was of less importance, received, all told, barely the vote of Governor Ellerbe. Mr. Schumbert, who won so much applause on the stump by telling how his son had been disciplined in the army for refusing to hold the horse of a negro officer, carried the primaries at Charleston and Columbia, but polled a relatively small vote in the rural districts. As no candidate received a majority of all the votes, a second primary will be held next week, at which only the Governor and Mr. Featherstone will be candidates. It is probable that Governor Ellerbe will be renominated, as the votes hostile both to him and to the dispensary system cannot be concentrate upon his opponent. The campaign has resulted in a good deal of criticism of all the candidates, and there has been some discourtesy exhibited, but the Charleston "News and Courier" reports that the "general shaking up" is believed to have been beneficial. One result that has been gratifying to the Conservatives has been the practical disappearance of the old factional feud between themselves and the triumphant Reformers. For Congressional and minor offices many Conservatives were voted for by Reformers, and Reformers by Conservatives-a result that could not easily have been reached

had nominations continued to be made by the aggressive workers for the two factions. A direct primary, at which all voters in general sympathy with a party are allowed to take part, seems to be the surest preventive of permanent factions. This feature of direct primaries may partially reconcile to it the party managers who are for other reasons its most strenuous opponents.

Political Events

From a National standpoint the most important action of any political convention last week was the explicit declaration of the Iowa Republicans in favor of the gold standard. Until 1896 the Iowa Republicans always demanded the enlarged use of silver as currency, and in 1896 the Iowa representatives at St. Louis nearly all opposed the use of the word "gold" in the financial plank. This year, however, their declaration is as follows: "The experience of the last two years has fully approved the gold standard of the Republican party, as declared by the National Convention of 1896. . . . The monetary standard of this country and of the commercial world is gold. The permanence of this standard must be assured by Congressional legislation giving to. it the validity and vitality of public law." In Wisconsin the agita ion in favor of direct primaries bore fruit in the Democratic Convention as it had in the Republican. In fact, the Democratic plank on this subject was even more explicit than the Republican in favor of a primary election law by which "nominations shall be made by the direct vote of the people." In the main, the Democratic platform is devoted chiefly to State issues, but on National questions the Conventi. n unequivocally reaffirmed the Chicago platform. Notwithstanding this, however, a disposition manifested to conciliate the Gold Democrats led to the failure of the expected fusion with the Populists. In New Hampshire the Democratic platform declared against the annexation of the Philippines, and against the maintenance of a large standing army. It was understood that this platform was designed to restore harmony between the gold and silver wings of the party, but it reaffirmed the principles of the party as enunciated in its National Conventions, and proclaimed its devotion to Mr. Bryan as a leader. In New York State the popularity of Colonel Roosevelt as a hero of the Cuban war has led to a spontaneous movement all

over the State in favor of his nomination for Governor. So strong is this movement that the machine leaders seem to contemplate yielding to it. The election in Arkansas resulted, of course, in a Democratic victory. All that was important in this election or in that in Vermont, which is taking place as we go to press, is the relative decrease in the votes of the two parties.

The Quay Machine and the Banks

Mr. Wanamaker has called attention to new and convincing evidence that the system of keeping millions of dollars of Pennsylvania funds on deposit with favored banks without interest was maintained directly by aud for the political machine. The evidence in question is that of ex-Congressman Darlington, of West Chester, who, it appears, has recently been forced to tell how the system worked in the case of the bankrupt Chester County Trust Company, of which he was President. According to his testimony, “the current expenses " charged on the books of his company were actually political contributions to Republican State and county committees. These contributions were made, he said, pursuant to "a sort of implied understanding" with "the parties who were influential in controlling State deposits." His crossquestioning on this point ran as follows:

"Was this understanding with the State Treasurer?"

"I did not say that," said Mr. Darlington; "it was an implied understanding."

"Who was that understanding with ?" "With those who controlled State deposits." "Who were they?"

"Myself, for one." "Who else ?"

headway. The chief danger seems to be the presence of National issues in the campaign. As a rule, the Republican papers prefer the re-election of Mr. Quay to the triumph of a Democratic candidate who believes in the free coinage of silver, and insist that Dr. Swallow, the nominee of the Independents and the Prohibitionists, cannot possibly be elected. "City and State," however, to which we are mainly indebted for this paragraph, believes that victory for Dr. Swallow is possible.

Since our last week's The Quebec Conference, summary of matters to be discussed at the Quebec Conference some important work has been done, though its bearing on the result cannot yet be ascertained. The Commissioners will not give full news to the press, but the presence of several deputations has indicated pretty accurately certain questions which are being considered. The lumber interest, the Canadian sealers, the New England fishing interest, and the Boston Chamber of Commerce have sent representatives, each urging its own views of what should and should not be done. It is time to make a protest against the too frequent demands of special interests. Although the Commissioners on both sides are men exceptionally well informed, it is necessary, of course, to supplement their knowledge by reports of the latest phases of the matters dealt with; yet they were appointed, not to be dictated to by these interests, but to subordinate them to the general interest by the mutual exchange of national advantages. It has been asserted in dispatches, and has not been as yet contradicted,

"Was the State Treasurer one of these parties?"

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I never had any conversation with him upon that subject. I was myself on his bond, and I had some say where the money should go."

"As long as the State deposit was in the Trust Company, there was paid in contributions each year from 2 to 3 per cent.?"

"Yes."

The State money, therefore, has been earning interest, as everybody said it should, but instead of earning interest for the State, it has earned it for the statesmen. Now that the reformers have upon the oath of a bank official what before was only an inference, it is to be hoped that the campaign for the overthrow of the machine will make new

tions, the inshore Atlantic fisheries, the bonding privilege, and the Behring Sea fisheries have all been discussed preparatory to the most important subject, changes in the tariff of both countries. Not only so, but it is said that special efforts were made not to complicate other matters with the tariff for fear of causing a vital disagreement. Undoubtedly our side of the question has not been so insistent upon a simultaneous and connected settlement of all matters as that of the Canadians has been; we could afford to settle some and leave others to the future. But it has been the claim of the Canadian Liberals that they could clear away these outstanding difficulties in which their Conservative oppo

nents had failed; hence their dislike of a partial arrangement. The deliberations have been made more difficult by Newfoundland's position. Sir James Winter, the representative of that colony, insists that, if the Canadian terms are such that Newfoundland cannot accept them, he shall be allowed to take independent action and secure his own terms from the United States. This is the attitude which resulted in the Bond-Blaine treaty which the Imperial Government promptly disallowed. It is not likely that Great Britain will permit any action by Newfoundland which would displease the Dominion; it is the imperial policy not to do so.

American Social Science Association

The American Social Science Association held its thirty-sixth annual meeting at Saratoga last week. The Hon. Simeon E. Baldwin, the President, delivered an instructive address on the "History of American Morals," in the course of which he characterized the factory system as a triumph of collectivism over individualism, thus involving the subordination of the man to the machine, every such workshop being a "school of fatalism." The report of the General Secretary, the Rev. Frederick Stanley Root, of New York, emphasizes the desirability of enlisting more women in the work of the Association, on the ground that some of the most important contributions to social science proceed from the pens of women students of social problems. The General Secretary reported a gain of one hundred and forty-five new members during the year, many of whom are men well known in literary fields. Perhaps the most significant act of the Association, on motion of Mr. St. Clair McKelway, was the transmission of a cablegram to the Czar of Russia, which read as follows:

To the Czar, St. Petersburg: The American Social Science Association unanimously hails the lofty purpose of your overture for a better understanding among nations and for better economic conditions for their peoples, and confides in its eventual success.

The Association unanimously and enthusiastically susta ned the motion. The sessions of the Association maintained the usual prestige of expert discussion of topics of vital and universal interest, and among the speakers were the Hon. William P. Harris, United States Commissioner of Education, the Hon. F. B. Sanborn, of the Springfield

"Republican," the Hon. Frank A. Vanderlip, Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury, the Hon. St. Clair McKelway, and Dr. W. J. Holland, Chancellor of Western University, Pittsburg.

Papers of Note

The paper of Mr. Charles A. Gardner, of New York, on the Proposed Anglo-American Alliance" contained an extraordinary marshaling of statistics in favor of such union, and the keynote of the paper was the phrase, "The grandest thought of the century is the convergence of the Anglo-Saxon race." Hon. Josiah Quincy, Mayor of Boston, in his paper on "School Playgrounds and Baths," emphasized the widespread hygienic and moral influences, chiefly the latter, which had followed the effect of the action of the city authorities in promoting juvenile facilities in these directions. On Thursday morning, Jurisprudence Day, Dean Wayland, of the Yale Law School, presented some startling figures as to the increase of homicides and the tardy and infrequent infliction of penalty, and a brisk discussion followed as to the ethics of the legal profession in criminal defense. It was urged by one speaker with much earnestness of conviction and power of statement that the ethics of said profession might be as conspicuously strained in corporation practice as in criminal proceeding. On the day devoted to the health department, Dr. Elmer Lee, of New York, maintained that the present breakdown of competent medical direction in soldiers' camps was not due chiefly to general Government maladministration, but to the failure among various medical schools to standardize methods of treatment, especially in fevers. The session closed with an address by Dr. W. J. Holland "on the purification of municipal water supplies by filtration." The entire meeting of the Association was remarkable for largely increased attendance and renewed interest in the affairs of this, the oldest of all societies of its class.