of the Roman Catholic church in 1590, forty-four years after its authorization by the highest ecclesiastical council of the church. The author gives a vivid and at the same time an attested historical statement of the entire proceeding, from documents published and in manuscript form, with full references and quotations.

GALL, AUGUST FREIHERR VON. Die Papyrus-Urkunden der jüdischen Gemeinde in Elephantine in ihrer Bedeutung für jüdische Religion und Geschichte. Giessen: Töpelmann, 1912. 26 pages. M. 0.60.

The University of Giessen seems to have had a theological conference at which von Gall delivered the discourse cited in our title. After discussing briefly the provenance of the Assuan papyri he presents translations of and quotations from some of the most striking texts. On the basis of the information given he concludes that the colony of Jews at Elephantine must date back to the time of Josiah. Evidence is seen in the statement of Deut. 17:16 and in the picture of worship which the papyri reveal in the temple of Jahu at Elephantine.

NIEBERGALL, FRIEDRICH. Praktische Auslegung des Alten Testaments. Band I, Weisheit und Lyrik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, 1912. viii+406 pages. M. 8.

It is rather novel to take up an up-to-date popular exposition of the Old Testament without getting lost in the intricacies of technical criticism. Niebergall breaks loose from former mechanical methods of viewing the Bible, and approaches it wholly from a practical point of view, practical as touching religion. He is not at all interested in the mental gymnastics of critical problems, but throws his entire energy into the spiritual value of the sacred volume. The center of the Scriptures is the salvation of Christ. That is the one thought about which everything in the Bible revolves. The Old Testament stands in two relations to that salvation, a historical and a psychological. The historical is designated by the word "Messianism"; and the psychological is expressed in the "Law" and its relations to God, and as preparatory to the reception of redemption. Both Messianism and the Law are set forth by Paul as forces that drive us to Christ.

CHURCH HISTORY

SAYER, A. G. WALPOLE. The Sufficiency and Defects of the English Communion Service. Cambridge University Press, 1911. $1.00.

Doubt or discredit had been thrown upon the Office of the English church by the interpolation by the celebrant of parts of the Unreformed Office. The object of this work is to disprove the charges of insufficiency, and the redundancy of such interpolations.

The author subjects the whole matter to a thorough examination beginning with the Scripture narratives, and reviewing the early references and accounts, the western liturgies, the First Prayer Book of Edward VI, the separation of the intercession from the consecration, absence of explicit invocation, and other central conceptions. Then follows a chapter of general conclusions in which the author thinks he has disproved any charge of insufficiency in the Office. He grants that there may be eccentricity of order, dislocation of structure, or sometimes poverty of expression, but the essentials are there.

THOMPSON, A. H. The Ground-Plan of the English Parish Church. Cam

bridge University Press. xiii+138 pages. $0.40.

THOMPSON, A. H. The Historical Growth of the English Parish Church. Cambridge University Press. viii+142 pages. $0.40 net.

WORKMAN, H. B. Methodism. New York: Putnam, 1911 and 1912; Cambridge University Press. $0.40 each net.

The "Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature" have already won the recognition that they deserve. We welcome three more of these interesting little volumes, each of which is written by a competent authority, and can therefore be relied upon by the general reader. The advantage of these manuals is that they bring their subjects strictly up to date.

Mr. Thompson's two volumes supplement each other, giving in rapid but clear outline the illustrated ground-plan and development of the English parish church. Perhaps no other person was so well qualified as Mr. Workman to present methodism in a nutshell.

GEM, S. HARVEY. An Anglo-Saxon Abbot. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1912. xvi+200 pages.

Appreciating the defects of most manuals of church history resulting from packing too much material in inadequate space, Mr. Gem has chosen to illuminate a single point in the great subject. His Anglo-Saxon abbot is Ælfric of Eynsham. He was born in 955 and his career was a strong fight for promotion of Christian knowledge among all classes; for temperance reform; and to arouse his countrymen to defensive military service against the devastating incursions of the Danes.

The book begins with chapters on Early Monasticism, Anglo-Saxon literature, and the chronicle of the Danish wars-thus giving the historical environment in which the abbot is to do his work. The account is made lifelike by numerous and extensive citations from the contemporary sources, and from Ælfric's own writings.

The one who reads this little volume through will have a very good view and appreciation of certain important phases of England in the time of Æthelred the Unready.

BUTZ, GEORGE S. The Rise of the Modern Spirit in Europe. Boston; Sherman, French & Co., 1912. 293 pages. $1.25 net.

In a popular style Dr. Butz has given the results of his extensive reading and long reflection on the forces that have made modern civilization. He has chosen the centuries preceding the Reformation, and with large sympathies seeks to bring about a reconciliation between Protestantism and humanism.

He gives an extensive bibliography which would have been much improved by classification.

ROBINSON, FR. PASCHAL. The Rule of St. Clare. Philadelphia: The Dolphin Press, 1912. 32 pages. $o. 10 net.

At the present time the Order of St. Clare numbers 11,330 religious and has 599 monasteries. This neat pamphlet is a contribution by a competent scholar to the seventh centenary of the saint's call worked up in the light of early documents.

JACKSON, SAMUEL MACAULEY. The Latin Works and Correspondence of Huldreich Zwingli. Together with selections from his German works. With notes and introductions by the editor. New York and London: Putnam. XV+292 pages. $2 net.

It is to be hoped that the work on this important contribution to Reformation history is so far along that it will not be interrupted by the death of the lamented editor. The translations have been made into English by Henry Preble, Walter Lichtenstein, and Laurence A. McLauth. Vol. I covers the period from 1510 to 1522. It is made from the latest edition of Schuler and Schulthess. It contains 292 pages and 14 of Zwingli's works. The first chapter is "The Original Life of Zwingli by Myconius." This is the first life of Zwingli to be written. The volumes will average about 500 pages. It is important to know that of this translation only 750 copies have been printed from type, and the type destroyed. Owing to the waning interest in the study of Latin, fortunately or unfortunately, acquaintance with Zwingli is likely in the near future to be gained only through English translations. This translation seems to be admirably done.

A perusal of the volume reveals Zwingli in many aspects of his character. He was lovable, frank, open-minded. He was a poet and a debater. His loyalty led him to seek freedom for his country from bondage to the pope, and indeed to any foreign power. His scholarship was for the time of a high order, and his knowledge of the classics put him into close relations with the humanists. The reader of the volume is not likely to lose interest.

Tome IV et dernier, 1799-1802. 3.50.

Fr.

PISANI, P. L'Eglise de Paris et la Révolution. Paris: Alphonse Picard et Fils. 461 pages. The learned canon of Notre-Dame de Paris, who is also a professor in the Catholic Institute there, in this fourth and last volume concludes his extended and minute history of the church in Paris during the French Revolution. The work has the merits and defects of its predecessors-great industry and excessive partisanship. In these days when the opponents of Modernism are ruling in the curia, a book must be Ultramontane indeed to secure, as does this, the imprimatur of the archbishop of Paris. Modern Catholic historical writing unfortunately has lost the scientific spirit of Hefele and Doellinger. Witness Denifle's Luther und Lutherthum, of which a French transation has just appeared in the same series with this volume. Napoleon's policy of eclecticism in religious matters is as difficult for Canon Pisani to understand as his policy of political toleration was by the enragés and the regicides. This prejudice finds wearisome iteration in parenthetical sentiments inserted by the author in the numerous extracts from official documents which are quoted; e.g., p. 48. If M. Aulard, the greatest historian of the French Revolution living or dead, has erred in opposition to the church, certainly Canon Pisani has erred more. The greatest value of this work lies in the large number of documents which are published in whole or in part— excluding the parti pris in the use of them. As a matter of method, though, it would have been wiser to have thrown many of these into appendices, for many pages are tedious reading because of the need to digest sources which ought to have been digested for the reader. The most valuable part of the book is the last chapter, which is a minute and particular survey of the churches of Paris after the Concordat. It may be of interest to know that among the prefects appointed by Napoleon in 1800 there were no less than eight ex-priests.

BOOKS RECEIVED

The more important books in this list will be reviewed at length