respects takes a very different view from Wellh.); and Jülicher, JPTh. 1882, pp. 295-315.

In 34, 27-28 the preceding body of laws on the basis of which the covenant is made, appears to be spoken of as "Ten Commandments" (Heb. "words"). It has hence been supposed that, though in its present form it has undergone expansion, it originally consisted of ten particular injunctions; and many attempts have been made to determine which these may have been. Wellh. (l.c. p. 331 f.) reconstructs this second "Decalogue" as follows:

I. Thou shalt not worship any other god (v. 14).

2. Thou shalt not make to thyself any molten gods (v. 17).

3. The Feast of Unleavened Cakes shalt thou keep (v. 18).

4. All that first openeth the womb is mine (v. 19).

5. The Feast of Weeks thou shalt observe (v. 22).

6. And the Feast of Ingathering at the turn of the year (ib.).

[(v. 25).

7. Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread 8. The fat of my feast shall not be left until the morning (ib.) [in the form in which the injunction appears in Ex. 23, 18].

9. The best of the first-fruits of thy ground thou shalt bring unto the house of Jehovah thy God (v. 26).

10. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk (¿b.).

Stade (Gesch. i. 510) had previously proposed a very similar restoration, the only material difference being that with him No. 5 is "Thou shalt observe the Sabbath" (cf. v. 21), while No. 6 embraces Wellh.'s 5 and 6.

C. 35-40 form the sequel to c. 25—31, narrating the execu tion of the instructions there communicated to Moses. The relation of these chapters to c. 25-31 will be best learnt from the following synopsis, extracted (with slight modifications) from Kuenen's Onderzoek (§ 6. 15), which exhibits at the same time the corresponding passages of the LXX (the order of which in several cases differs remarkably from that of the Hebrew):

HEBREW TEXT

GREEK TEXT.

Ex. 25-31.

37, 1-9 (the Ark).

10-16 (Table of Shewbread). 17-24 (Candlestick).

25-28 (Altar of Incense).

29 (Anointing Oil and Incense). 38, 1-7 (Altar of Burnt-offering). 8 (Brazen Laver).

9-20 (Court of the Tabernacle). 21-23 (Superscription to the account of metal employed). 24-31 (the account itself). 39, 1-31 (Vestments for the High Priest and the Priests). 32-43 (Delivery to Moses of the completed work of the Tabernacle).

40, 1-16 (Moses commanded to rear up the Tabernacle and to consecrate the priests).

17-33 (the Tabernacle erected. and the sacred vessels arranged in their places).

Wanting.

34-38 (the Cloud and Pillar of 40, 28-32. Fire).

In the main, the narrative is repeated verbatim from the instructions in c. 25-31, with the simple substitution of past tenses for future; in two or three cases, however, a phrase is altered, and there are also some instances of omission or abridgment. Thus a few verses (as 25, 15. 22. 40. 26, 12-13. 28, 29. 35. 29, 43-46. 30, 7-10) are omitted, as not needing repetition; others (as 25, 16. 21. 30. 37b. 26, 30. 33. 34-35. 30, 6. 18. 19–21, chiefly relating to the position of the different vessels named) are incorporated in c. 40, 17-33, the account of the erection of the Tabernacle, where they naturally belong; and the sections on the Anointing Oil and the Incense (30, 22-33. 34-38) are merely referred to briefly in a single verse, 37, 29. In c. 39 there are also some noticeable cases of abbreviation. The only material omissions are the Urim and Thummim (28,

30), and the consecration of priests (29, 1-37), which follow in Lev. 8, the oil for the lamps (27, 20 f.), and the daily Burnt-offering (29, 38-42): with these exceptions the execution of the instructions contained in c. 25-31 is related systematically. The change of order is in most cases intelligible. The injunction to observe the Sabbath, which closes the series of instructions, stands here in the first place. This is followed by the presentation of offerings, and the nomination of Bezaleel and Oholiab; after which is narrated the construction of the Tabernacle, of the sacred vessels to be placed in it, and of the Altar and Laver, with the Court surrounding them. The Sanctuary having been thus completed, the dress of the priests is prepared, the work, complete in its different parts, delivered to Moses, and the Tabernacle erected and set in order. The Altar of Incense and the Brazen Laver, which appear in the Appendix to c. 25—29 (viz. in c. 30), are here enumerated in accordance with the place which they properly hold, in the Tabernacle (c. 37) and Court (c. 38) respectively.

C. 35-40 raise the same question of relationship to the main body of P which was stated above on c. 30 f. If c. 30 f. be allowed to belong to a secondary stratum of P, the same conclusion will follow for these chapters as a necessary corollary; for in c. 35-39 the notices referring to c. 30-31 are introduced in their proper order, and c. 40 alludes to the Altar of Incense. Dillm., though he disputes Wellh.'s conclusions with regard to c. 30—31, agrees with him virtually as regards c. 35-40 (NDJ. p. 635).

§3. LEVITICUS.

LITERATURE.-See above, p. 1 f.

The Book of Leviticus is called by the Jews, from its opening word, p. It forms throughout part of the Priests' Code, in which, however, c. 17-26 constitute a section marked by certain special features of its own, and standing apart from the rest of the book.

I. C. 1-16. Fundamental Laws of Sacrifice, Purification, and Atonement.

(i.) 1, 1—6, 7 (c. 1—5 Heb.). Law of the five prinapal types of sacrifice.

1 38, 24-31 differs, however, somewhat remarkably from 30, 11 -16.

* For some other grounds, peculiar to these chapters, which are held to point in the same direction, see Kuenen, Hex. § 6. 15.

C. I. The Burnt-offering (ritual of sacrifice).

C. 2. The Meal-offering (ritual of sacrifice).

The second pers. in 2, 4-16 (unlike the rest of these chapters) is noticeable, and may be an indication that the ch. is formed out of a combination of elements originally distinct.)

C. 3. The Peace-offering (ritual of sacrifice).

C. 4. The Sin-offering (ritual of sacrifice for the four cases of unintentional sin, committed by 1. the "anointed priest" (ie. the Chief priest); 2. the whole people; 3. a ruler; 4. an ordinary Israelite).

It is not impossible that Lev. 4 may represent a more advanced stage in the growth of the sacrificial system than Ex. 29. Lev. 8-9; for here the blood of the Sin-offering for the Chief priest and for the people is treated with special solemnity, being brought within the veil, and sprinkled on the horns of the Incense-altar; whereas in Ex. 29, 12. Lev. 8, 15. 9, 9. 15 it is treated precisely as prescribed here in the case of the ordinary Sin-offering, vv. 25. 30. 34 (see Wellh. Comp. p. 138 f.).—A law for the Sin-offering both of the people and of an individual is contained also in Nu. 15, 22-31.

5, 1-13. Appendix to c. 4, containing (1) examples of unintentional sins, requiring a Sin-offering, v. 1-6; (2) provision for the case of those whose means did not suffice for the ordinary sin-offering, vv. 7-13.

5, 14-6, 7 (5, 14-26 Heb.). The Guilt-offering (three cases, or groups of cases viz. different cases of fraud or sacrilege-defined, in which the Guilt-offering is incurred). On 5, 17-19, which enjoins a Guilt-offering for (apparently) the same case for which in 4, 22 ff. a Sin-offering is prescribed, see Dillm. ad loc.; Stade, Gesch. ii. 256 f.

(ii.) 6, 8-c. 7 (c. 6-7 Heb.). A manual of priestly directions under eight heads.

6, 8-13. Regulations to be observed by the priest in sacrificing the Burnt-offering.

14-18. Regulations to be observed by the priest in sacrificing the Meal-offering.

19-23. The High Priest's daily Meal-offering.

24-30. Regulations to be observed in sacrificing the Sinoffering.

7, 1-7. Ritual of the Guilt-offering (which is not defined in 5, 14-6, 7), with an appendix, vv. 8-10 (arising out of v. 7), on the priests' share in the Burnt- and Meal-offering.

11-21. On the species of Peace-offering (the Thank-offering, vv. 12-15; the Vow- and the Voluntary-offering, v. 16 ff.), with the conditions to be observed by the worshipper in eating the flesh.

22-27. Fat (of ox, sheep, and goat in all cases, and of other animals dying naturally or torn of beasts) and blood. (generally) not to be eaten.

28-34. The priests' share of the Peace - offering, viz. the
"heave-leg" and the "wave-breast."

35-36. First subscription to the preceding section 6, 8—
7, 34 (in so far as this comprises regulations respecting
the priests' share in the different offerings).
37-38. Second more general subscription.

This subscription relates to 6, 8-c. 7 only, which forms an independent collection of laws linked together by the same formula that is used here, viz. This is the law of . . . (6, 9. 14. 25. 7, I. II): only the laws thus introduced are recognised in the subscription, where they occur in the same order: 1 (6, 19-23 (otherwise introduced, and not, as it seems, recognised in the subscription) was perhaps not originally part of the collection; 7, 22-27 (regu. lating the conditions under which animals might be used for food) may be regarded as an appendix to 7, 11-21, being probably placed here on account of the Peace-offering being accompanied by a sacrificial meal; the subject of 7, 28-34 is also closely connected with the Peace-offering, and may be fairly regarded as comprehended in the heading 7, 11.

The main distinction between c. 1-6, 7 and 6, 7-c. 8 is that while the laws of the former group relate, as a rule, to the manner in which the sacrifice itself is to be offered, the latter contain regulations ancillary to this, e.g. concerning the dress of the officiating priest, the fire on the altar, the portions to be eaten by the priest or the worshipper (as the case may be), the disposal of the flesh of the Peace-offerings (as opposed to the parts which went upon the altar, c. 3), &c. The treatment is not, however, perfectly uniform throughout: on the analogy of c. 1—4, 7, 1–7 (the ritual of the Guilt-offering) should occupy the place of or, at least, precede (cf. c. 4 before 5, 1-6)—5, 14—-6, 7 (the cases in which the Guilt-offering is to be paid).

(iii.) C. 8-10. The consecration of the priests, and their solemn entry upon office.

C. 8. Aaron and his sons consecrated to the priesthood in accordance with the instructions Ex. 29, 1-37.

con

1 In the existing text of Lev. 6, 8-c. 7 nothing corresponds to the secration" offering of 7, 37; either the expression rests on a misinterpretation of 6, 19-23, or a law on this subject may have been omitted by the compiler of P in view of the fuller treatment in Ex. 29.