Encyclopedia of Coastal Science

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text-autospace:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"DAAKG P+ Optima"; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-fa List of Contributors.- Foreword.- Preface.- Accretion and Erosion Waves on Beaches.- Africa, Coastal Ecology.- Africa, Coastal Geomorphology.- Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping and Light Detection and Ranging.- Algal Rims.- Alluvial-Plain Coasts.- Altimeter Surveys, Coastal Tides, and Shelf Circulation.- Antarctica, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology.- Aquaculture.- Archaeological Site Location, Effect of Sea-Level Change.- Archaeology.- Arctic, Coastal Ecology.- Arctic, Coastal Geomorphology.- Artificial Islands.- Asia, Eastern, Coastal Ecology.- Asia, Eastern, Coastal Geomorphology.- Asia, Middle East, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology.- Asia, Southern (see Indian Ocean Coasts).- Asteroid-Impact Coasts.- Atlantic Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology.- Atlantic Ocean Islands, Coastal Geomorphology.- Atolls.- Australia, Coastal Ecology.- Australia, Coastal Geomorphology.- Barrier Islands.- Barrier.- Barriers, Gravel (see Gravel Barriers).- Bars.- Bay Beaches.- Beach and Nearshore Instrumentation.- Beach Cusps (see Rhythmic Patterns).- Beach Drain.- Beach Erosion.- Beach Features.- Beach Nourishment.- Beach Processes.- Beach Profile.- Beach Rating (see Rating Beaches).- Beach Ridges.- Beach Safety (see Lifesaving and Beach Safety).- Beach Sediment Characteristics.- Beach Stratigraphy.- Beach Use and Behaviors.- Beachrock.- Beaufort Wind Scale.- Bioconstruction.- Bioengineered Shore Protection.- Bioerosion.- Biogenous Coasts (see Vegetated Coasts).- Biogeomorphology.- Bioherms and Biostromes.- Black and Caspian Seas, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology.- Bluffs (see Cliffed Coasts).- Bogs.- Boulder Barricades.- Boulder Beaches.- Boulder Pavements.- Bypassing at Littoral Drift Barriers.- Capping of Contaminated Coastal Areas.- Carbonate Sandy Beaches.- Caribbean Islands, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology.- Carrying Capacity in Coastal Areas. ? Cays.- Central America (see Middle America).- Chalk Coasts.- Changing Sea Levels.- Cheniers.- Classification of Coasts (see Holocene Coastal Geomorphology).- Cleaning Beaches.- Cliffed Coasts.- Cliffs, Erosion Rates.- Cliffs, Lithology versus Erosion Rates.- Climate Patterns in the Coastal Zone.- Coastal Boundaries.- Coastal Changes, Gradual.- Coastal Changes, Rapid.- Coastal Climate.- Coastal Currents.- Coastal Engineering (see Shore Protection Structures; Navigation Structures).- Coastal Hoodoos.- Coastal Lakes and Lagoons.- Coastal Modeling and Simulation.- Coastal Processes (see Beach Processes).- Coastal Sedimentary Facies.- Coastal Soils.- Coastal Subsidence.- Coastal Temperature Trends.- Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling.- Coastal Warfare.- Coastal Wells.- Coastal Wind Effects.- Coastal Zone Management.- Coastline Changes.- Coasts, Coastlines, Shores, and Shorelines.- Cohesive Sediment Transport.- Computer Simulation (see Coastal Modeling and Simulation).- Conservation of Coastal Sites.- Continental Shelves.- Conversion Tables (see Appendix ).- Coral Reef Coasts.- Coral Reef Islands.- Coral Reefs.- Coral Reefs, Emerged.- Cross-Shore Sediment Transport.- Cross-Shore Variation of Grain Size on Beaches.- Cuspate Forelands.- Dalmatian Coasts.- Dams, Effect on Coasts.- Databases (see Appendix ).- Dating (see Geochronology).- Datum (see Sea-Level Datums).- Debris (see Marine Debris?Onshore, Offshore, Seafloor Litter).- Deltaic Ecology.- Deltas.- Demography of Coastal Populations.- Depth of Closure on Sandy Coasts.- Depth of Disturbance.- Desalination.- Desert Coasts.- Dewatering (see Beach Drain).- Developed Coasts.- Dikes.- Dissipative Beaches.- Dredging of Coastal Environments.- Drift and Swash Alignments.- Driftwood.- Dune Calcarenite (see Eolianite).- Dune Ridges.- Dynamic Equilibrium of Beaches.- Economic Value of Beaches.- El Nino?Southern Oscillation (ENSO).- Endogenic and Exogenic Factors.- Energy and Sediment Budgets of the Global Coastal Zone.- Engineering Applications of Coastal Geomorphology.- Environmental Quality.- Eolianite.- Eolian Processes Erosion: Historical Analysis and Forecasting Erosion Processes.- Estuaries, Anthropogenic Impacts.- Estuaries.- Eustasy.- Europe, Coastal Ecology.- Europe, Coastal Geomorphology.- Faulted Coasts.- Forecasting (see Erosion: Historical Analysis and Forecasting) Geochronology.- Geodesy.- Geographic Information Systems.- Geographical Coastal Zonality.- Geohydraulic Research Centers.- Geotextile Applications.- Glaciated Coasts.- Global Positioning Systems.- Global Vulnerability Analysis.- Global Warming (see Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming).- Glossary of Coastal Geomorphology (see Appendix ).- Gravel Barriers.- Gravel Beaches.- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming.- Gross Transport.- Ground-Penetrating Radar.- Groundwater (see Hydrology of the Coastal Zone).- Hazards (see Natural Hazards).- Headland-Bay Beach.- Health Benefits.- Hindcasting (see Wave Hindcast) History, Coastal Ecology.- History, Coastal Geomorphology.- History, Coastal Protection.- Holocene Coastal Geomorphology.- Holocene Epoch.- Honeycomb Weathering.- Hoodoos (see Coastal Hoodoos).- Human Impact on Coasts.- Hydrology of the Coastal Zone.- Ice-Bordered Coasts.- Indian Ocean Coasts, Coastal Ecology.- Indian Ocean Coasts, Coastal Geomorphology.- Indian Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology.- Ingression, Regression, and Transgression.- Instrumentation (see Beach and Nearshore Instrumentation).- Isostasy Jet Probes.- Journal Listing (see Appendix ).- Karst Coasts.- Klint.- Lagoons (see Coastal Lakes and Lagoons).- Landslides (see Mass Wasting).- Late Quaternary Marine Transgression.- Lifesaving and Beach Safety.- Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) (see Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping).- Litter (see Marine Debris).- Littoral.- Littoral Cells.- Littoral Drift Gradient.- Log-Spiral Beach (see Headland-Bay Beach).- Longshore Sediment Transport.- Machair.- Managed Retreat.- Management (see Coastal Zone Management).- Mangroves, Ecology.- Mangroves, Geomorphology.- Mangroves, Remote Sensing.- Mapping Shores and Coastal Terrain.- Marine Debris?Onshore, Offshore, Seafloor Litter.- Marine Parks.- Marine Terraces.- Mass Wasting.- Meteorological Effects on Coasts.- Microtidal Coasts.- Middens (see Shell Middens).- Middle America, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology.- Mining of Coastal Materials.- Modeling Platforms, Terraces, and Coastal Evolution.- Modes and Patterns of Shoreline Change.- Monitoring Coastal Ecology.- Monitoring Coastal Geomorphology.- Muddy Coasts.- Natural Hazards.- Navigation Structures.- Nearshore Geomorphological Mapping. - Nearshore Sediment Transport Measurement.- Nearshore Wave Measurement.- Net Transport.- New Zealand, Coastal Ecology.- New Zealand, Coastal Geomorphology and Oceanography.- North America, Coastal Ecology.- North America, Coastal Geomorphology.- Notches.- Numerical Modeling.- Oil Spills.- Oil Spills, High-Energy Coasts.- Offshore Sand Banks and Linear Sand Ridges.- Offshore Sand Sheets.- Organizations (see Appendix ).- Pacific Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology.- Pacific Ocean Islands, Coastal Geomorphology.- Paleocoastlines.- Paraglacial Coasts.- Peat.- Periglacial (see Ice-Bordered Coasts).- Photogrammetry.- Physical Models.- Placer Deposits.- Pleistocene Epoch.- Pluvial Lake Shore Deposits.- Polders.- Pressure Gradient Force.- Profiling, Beach.- RADARSAT-. Rating Beaches.- Reclamation.- Reefs, Non-Coral.- Reflective Beaches.- Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments.- Remote Sensing: Wetlands Classification.- Rhythmic Patterns.- Ria.- Rip Currents.- Ripple Marks.- Rock Coast Processes.- Salt Marsh.- Sampling Methods (see Monitoring, Coastal Ecology; Monitoring, Coastal Geomorphology).- Sand Rights.- Sandy Coasts.- Scour and Burial of Objects in Shallow Water.- Sea-Level Change (see Changing Sea Levels).- Sea-Level Changes During the Last Millennium.- Sea-Level Datums (see Tidal Datums).- Sea-Level Indicators, Biologic.- Sea-Level Indicators?Biological in Depositional Sequences.- Sea-Level Indicators, Geomorphic.- Sea-Level Rise, Effect.- Sediment Analysis and Classification (see Beach Sediment Characteristics).- Sediment Budget.- Sediment Suspension by Waves.- Sediment Transport (see Cross-Shore Sediment Transport;Longshore Sediment Transport).- Sedimentary Basins.- Seismic Displacement.- Sequence Stratigraphy.- Setbacks.- Sharm Coasts.- Shelf Processes.- Shell Middens.- Shingle Beach (see Gravel Beach) Shore Platforms.- Shore Protection Structures.- Shoreface.- Simple Beach and Surf Zone Models.- Sloughs (see Estuaries; Tidal Creeks) Small Islands.- Sociology, Beaches (see Beach Use and Behaviors) South America, Coastal Ecology.- South America, Coastal Geomorphology.- Spits.- Storm Surge.- Storms (see Meterological Effects) Strandflat.- Structures (see Shore Protection Structures; Navigation Structures).- Submarine Groundwater Discharge.- Submerged Coasts.- Submerging Coasts.- Surf Modeling.- Surf Zone Processes.- Surfing.- Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems.- Tafone.- Tectonics and Neotectonics.- Thalassostatic Terraces.- Thalassotherapy (see Health Benefits).- Tidal Creeks.- Tidal Datums.- Tidal Environments.- Tidal Inlets.- Tidal Flats.- Tidal Flats, Open Ocean Coasts.- Tidal Power.- Tidal Prism.- Tide-Dominated Coasts.- Tide Gauges.- Tide Mill.- Tides.- Time Series Modeling.- Topic Categories (see Appendix ).- Tors.- Tourism and Coastal Development.- Tourism, Criteria for Coastal Sites.- Tracers.- Trottoirs.- Tsunamis.- Uplift Coasts.- Vegetated Coasts.- Vibracore.- Vorticity.- Volcanic Coasts.- Washover Effects.- Warfare (see Coastal Warfare).- Water Quality Wave and Tide-Dominated Coasts.- Wave Climate.- Wave?Current Interaction.- Wave-Dominated Coasts.- Wave Environments.- Wave Focusing.- Wave Hindcasting.- Wave Power Wave Refraction Diagrams Waves Weathering in the Coastal Zone.- Wetlands.- Wetland Restoration.- Appendix: Conversion Tables.- Appendix: Databases.- Appendix: Glossary of Coastal Geomorphology.- Appendix: Journals.- Appendix: Organizations.- Appendix: Topic Categories.- Index